shoulder and bring the fronts of their hands together with force. It is considered as a CSI due to it is unfamiliar term in the target language and
culture. It falls under gesture classification set by Newmark.
2. The Techniques and Ideologies in Translating the Culture-Specific
Items
This part combines the discussion of the data based on the second and third formulated problem. It aims to analyze the techniques and ideologies
used by the translator in translating CSIs in the source novel to the target novel. Adopting
Jaleniauskienė and Čičelytė‘s classification of ideology, the following elaborations of translation techniques are divided into two groups of
ideologies, namely foreignisation and domestication ideology.
a. Foreignisation Ideology
According to Jaleniauskienė and Čičelytė‘s model, foreignisation
ideology shares two translation techniques, namely preservation and addition technique. Examples and elaborations of each technique as well as its sub-
categories are elaborated below.
1 Preservation
Preservation technique is quite similar to the process of lexical borrowing, when an item from one language is borrowed by another language.
By applying this technique, the translator allows the target readers to experience the closest they can get to the ST culture through its unaltered
CSIs placed in the TT. This technique is considered as the most foreign technique. The foreignisation effect is achieved simply by retaining the CSIs
of the SL into the TL. It is divided into two types, namely preservation of form
and preservation of content. Examples and elaborations of this technique as well as its sub-types are elaborated below.
a Preservation of form
Preservation of form is simply done by retaining the source language terms without any changes in translation. According to the research findings
the translator only uses the first type of preservation, i.e. preservation of form in translating the CSIs in the novel. Preservation technique is the most
frequent technique under the foreignisation ideology used by the translator with 55 times or 71.4 of the total data. The elaborations of some examples
are as follows. Example 1: Datum 4: 4MCPFAUAUR
ST : I remember one day, when I was eight, Ali was taking me to t
he bazaar to buy some _naan_.
TT : Aku ingat saat aku berumur delapan tahun, Ali mengantarku
untuk membeli naan.
It was the part when Amir told about Ali who is Amir‘s father‘s servant. He stated that Ali used to take him to the bazaar to buy naan when he
was eight years old. The term naan refers to a type of foods that is originated from Afghanistan culture. Naan is considered as a CSI by the researcher for
the concept which is unfamiliar for the target language and culture. It belongs to the category of Newmark‘s material culture.
The first type of preservation, i.e. preservation of form is used by the translator to translate the CSI in this datum. The CSI naan is retained in the
target text without any changes and additional information nearby. Naan is defined by the glossary foreign terms in The Kite Runner as a round and flat
bread. The foreignisation ideology is performed by the translator by using this technique. The effect of foreignisation is obviously achieved through the
preservation of the CSI from the SL into the TL. This technique allows the target readers to recognize a CSI of the source culture and force them to
understand the concept of naan without any additional information attach to the CSI.
Example 2: Datum 37: 37OCPFAUAUR ST
: She was as beautiful as a pari, light brown hair, big hazel
eyes…she had this laugh…I can still hear it sometimes.‖ TT
: Gadis itu secantik pari, rambutnya cokelat terang, mata
lebarnya yang berwarna cokelat kehijauan selalu berbinar…dan tawanya…hingga saat ini, terkadang
aku masih menden
garnya.‖
In this context, Rahim Khan who is Baba‘s old friend told to Amir about a beautiful young woman, the daughter of his neighbor‘s servant
namely Homaira. He said that she looks very beautiful woman like a pari. The term pari refers to an address term which is originated from Afghanistan
culture. Pari is considered as a CSI for the concept which is unfamiliar in the
