receptor language and its cultural context. These steps are shown in the diagram below.
SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE
Studying and Analyzing the ST Reconstructing to TT
Figure 1: Translation Process Larson, 1984: 4
In addition, Nida and Taber 1982: 33 state three stages in translation process. The first stage is analysis, in which the surface structure i.e. the
meaning as given in SL is analyzed in terms of the grammatical relationship and the meaning of words and combination of words. The second stage is
transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of translator from SL to receptor one, and the last stage is restructuring, in which the
transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language.
d. Translation Technique
In translation, method, technique, and strategy have different sense. Therefore, it is important to mention the notions of each term in this research.
Molina and Albir 2002: 507- 8 distinguish translation methods, techniques, and strategies due to their essential differences. Translation methods are
Text to be translated The translation text
Meaning
defined as the way a particular translation process is carried out in terms of the translator‘s objectives. They depend on the aim of a translation and respond to
the global option that affects the whole text. Also, they affect the translation technique of micro-units of the text. Translation techniques are procedures
used to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works and translation strategies are the procedures conscious or unconscious, verbal or non-verbal
used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind Molina and Albir,
2002: 507. In others words, strategies and techniques play important role in different area. The former includes in the process of translation and can be
analyzed based on the translation process done by the translator, whereas the latter may affect the result of the translation and can be analyzed based on the
translation product.
2. Culture
a. The Concept of Culture
The concept of culture is universal, and is used in various disciplines, e.g., anthropology, political science, sociology, literary studies etc. Sewell
2009: 35-36. However, as the focus of this research is translation of culture- specific items, the concept of culture will be considered from the linguistics
point of view. Davies sees culture as ―a set of values, attitudes and behaviors
shared by a group and passed on by learning‖ Davies 2003: 68. Larson defines
culture in as ―a complex of beliefs, attitudes, values, and rules which a
group o f people share‖ Larson 1984: 431. Meanwhile, Schmitt states that
culture encompass as: …everything that a person should be know, be able to feel and to do,
in order to succeed in behaving and acting in an environment like somebody from this environment Schmitt quoted in Zare-Behtash and
Firoozkoohi 2010:1. These definitions present culture as a complex notion that has an
influence on our daily life and includes history, social structure, religion, traditional customs and everyday usage. This research uses
Newmark‘s definition of culture, because he does not only define culture, but emphasizes
the relation between culture and language Newmark 2010: 173. I am referring to culture only in anthropological sense i.e. the way of
life and environment peculiar to the native inhabitants of a particular geographical area, restricted by its language boundaries, as manifested
through a single language Newmark 2010: 173. At it is exemplified in the quote, Newmark views culture form the
anthropological point of view. However, Newmark admits that the concept of culture in the 21
st
century become rather slippery due to contrastive elements that intermingle.
Given that this is increasingly an age of involuntary and voluntary migrations, of asylum- and tax-haven seekers, - what a contrast
– of transnational companies, international organizations and worldwide
N.G.Os, or of refugees and tourists, this concept of culture becomes increasingly blurred and slippery and fuzzy Newmark 2010: 173.
