5 Gestures and Habits
In gesture and habits, the translator needs to pay attention more to its description and function. Gestures such as
―do a slow hand-clap to express warm appreciation‖, ―spit as a blessing‖, ―nod to dissent or shake their head to
assent‖, ―kiss their fingertips to greet or to praise‖ may be perceived differently if they were translated literally in the TT; the intended meaning
may be distorted. These gestures and habits can be seen as symbolic actions of a culture or country which occur in some cultures or countries and not in
others. It is important for the translator to translate them properly because gesture and habits in one culture or country may refer to something entirely
different in other cultures or countries.
3. Ideologies in Translation
a.
The Notions of Ideology
In a broad sense, ideology can be defined as gagasan ideas, sudut pandang
perspectives, mitos myths and prinsip principles which are trusted by a community group Silalahi 2009: 72. Meanwhile, Cambridge
Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary is defined ideology as a theory, or the set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system, party,
organization is based socialistcapitalist ideology. According to Hatim and Mason 1997:144 ideology encompasses the tacit assumptions, beliefs, value
systems which are shared collectively by social groups.
However, the definitions presented above are still general and without relation to the specific context. In this research the concept of ideology will be
considered from the following Newmark‘s quotation. Newmark in Hatim dan Mason 1997: 145 states:
―the choice between communicative and semantic is partly determined by orientation towards the social or the individual, that is, towards
mass readership or towards the individual voice of the text producer. The choices implicitly presented as ideological.
‖
Newmark perceives that the ideology in translation as a choice made by the translator in bringing the TT either towards mass readership the
receptors‘ culture or towards the individual voice of the text producer the author. These tendencies are generally accepted as two opposite poles,
namely foreignisation and domestication. Similar to Newmark, Bassenet and Lefevere in Hoed 2006 state that
the translation activity always embraces certain tendencies within. They can be either a source language-oriented or a target language-oriented. The
tendencies, then called as heading ideology as proposed by Venuti in Humanika 2006: 4, are called foreignisation and domestication. It is
supported by Lefevere in Venuti 1995: 20 who states that ―translation can
never be completely adequate to the foreign text. Shcheimacher allowed the translator to choose between a domesticating . . . and a
foreignizing . . .‖
Meanwhile, according to Humanika 2006: 4 the ideologies influence in two levels, namely micro and macro level. In the micro level, the ideology
chosen by the translator may influence the choice of text, whereas in the micro level, the ideology chosen may influence the strategy, method, as well as
technique in translation. It is supported by Munday 2001: 46 stating that Venuti proposes domestication and foreignisation as the two terms that
concern both the choice of text to translate and the translation method.
b. Foreignisation and Domestication Ideology
1
Foreignisation
This ideology is known as the SL-oriented translation where the translation stays within the source culture. To move the readers toward the
author is considered as the rough concept of foreignisation. It means the target readers are being forced to leave their comfort zone and venture to the foreign
or alien cultures. This method is intended to evoke the sense of the ST‘s foreignness and making the readers aware that they are reading a translation.
Venuti in Katan, 1999: 156, regards foreingisation as a mean to take ―the reader over to the foreign culture, making him or her see the culture and
linguistic differences … A foreignizing strategy seeks to evoke a sense of the foreign‖. Foreignisation can be done by retaining or importing some essential
characteristicselementsconcepts of source culture in the TT. Hopefully, through such a method, the TT can evoke not only the spirit of the ST but also
can enrich the reader‘s knowledge about various cultures around the world.
2
Domestication
This ideology is known as the TL-oriented translation where the translation stays within target language culture. Domestication is obviously
the opposite of foreignisation. To move the author towards the target reader means that the ST is ‗forced‘ fit into the TT‘s culture. It is meant to meet the
target culture‘s expectation. This method is resulted in translating a text with the transparent, fluent and invisible style in purpose to minimize the
foreignness in the TT Yang, 2010: 78. It can be done by exploiting and turning some significant foreign and unfamiliar concepts of the ST into some
―familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible and easy for target reader‖ Ni in Silalahi, 2011: 74.
c. Foreignisation and Domestication Techniques
In fact, the notion of foreignisation and domestication are very broad terms that cover many translation techniques which are much narrower in
their meaning and which can be placed into the foreignisation - domestication continuum. Davies 2003: 72-89 suggests the following strategy for handling
with culture-specific items: preservation, addition, omission, globalisation, localisation, transformation, and creation. However, according the operational
definition above, this research employs the term translation technique to call translation strategies proposed by Davies since the analysis in this research is
a translation as product.
