Types of Translation Translation Process

group o f people share‖ Larson 1984: 431. Meanwhile, Schmitt states that culture encompass as: …everything that a person should be know, be able to feel and to do, in order to succeed in behaving and acting in an environment like somebody from this environment Schmitt quoted in Zare-Behtash and Firoozkoohi 2010:1. These definitions present culture as a complex notion that has an influence on our daily life and includes history, social structure, religion, traditional customs and everyday usage. This research uses Newmark‘s definition of culture, because he does not only define culture, but emphasizes the relation between culture and language Newmark 2010: 173. I am referring to culture only in anthropological sense i.e. the way of life and environment peculiar to the native inhabitants of a particular geographical area, restricted by its language boundaries, as manifested through a single language Newmark 2010: 173. At it is exemplified in the quote, Newmark views culture form the anthropological point of view. However, Newmark admits that the concept of culture in the 21 st century become rather slippery due to contrastive elements that intermingle. Given that this is increasingly an age of involuntary and voluntary migrations, of asylum- and tax-haven seekers, - what a contrast – of transnational companies, international organizations and worldwide N.G.Os, or of refugees and tourists, this concept of culture becomes increasingly blurred and slippery and fuzzy Newmark 2010: 173. Following the anthropological perspective, Newmark tries to encompass various aspects of culture in the 21 st century, when globalization has made a huge step forward, causing interchanges between cultures and the loss of cultural identity. The concept of culture itself which is rather complex has become even more complicated. Nevertheless, a culture is hi ghly important in people‘s life and it has an influence on human languages. An example of this influence is different traditions and beliefs of different cultures for which a culture-specific words and expressions are used Zare-Behtash and Firoozkoohi 2010:1. Such expressions are called culture-specific items and the need to understand them makes the process of translation complicated, but vital task Zare-Behtash and Firoozkoohi 2010:1. In order to identify and to analyze the culture-specific items, it is important to mention the definition and classification of culture- specific items in this research.

b. Definitions of Culture-Specific Items CSIs

In fact, a number of scholars have their own terms to define culture- specific items in Translation Studies. For examples, Baker refers to cultural entities as culture-specific concepts, Newmark defines them as cultural words, and Nord employs the term cultureme Baker 1992: 21; Newmark 2010: 173; Nord 1997: 34. However, the most widely accepted term is culture-specific items henceforth CSIs Davies 2003: 68. Therefore, this term will be used in this research.