• Interjection Interjection is word which expresses some sudden feeling. Example:
- Alas - Excellent
- Well said - Fantastic
2.3 An Account on Morphological Process
As it is known that the term morphological process is a way of forming the word which relates a morpheme to another.
Samsuri 1994:92 concludes that karena perubahan-perubahan itu sendiri terdapat di dalam morfem-morfem itu, kami sebut perubahan-perubahan
itu perubahan interen. Bloch and Trager In Tarigan, H.G. 1992:237 state that the devices by
which constituent word of a paradigm are differentiated from one another are known as morphological process.
Morphological process varies according to the type of their process. Tarigan 1992:237 groups them into five main types. They are: affixation,
reduplication, internal modification, suppletion, and zero modification. Crystal 1987:90 divides morphological process into four. They are
affixation, conversion derivation, compounding, and reduplication.
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The definition of the types of morphological process is discussed below: 1.
Affixation The bound forms which in secondary derivation are added to the
underlying are called affixation. The affixation in English can be divided into two: prefix and suffix.
e.g: be-
+ friend
n Æ befriend v
PREFIX
re- +
write v
Æ rewrite v
-er +
write v
Æ writer n
SUFFIX
-tion +
correct v
Æ correction n Damanik 1984:27 states that the affixation in Batak Simalungun
Language can be divided into four: prefix, infix, suffix and confix. e.g:
Si- +
biangsa adj ‘broken’ Æ sibiangsan ‘desolator’
PREFIX
mar- + lajar v ‘study’ Æ marlajar v ‘study’
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-ur- +
gabas adj
‘careless’ Æ gurabas adj
‘very careless’
INFIX
-ul- +
hasar v
‘move’ Æ hulasar v ‘move
hundul v
+ -an
Æ hundulan n ‘sit’
‘place for sitting’
SUFFIX
Etekadj + -an Æ etekan adj
‘small’ ‘smaller’
ha-…-on +
raja n ‘king’ Æ harajaon n ‘kingdom’
CONFIX
pa-…-on +
dua ‘two’
Æ paduahon ‘second’
2. Reduplication
Bloch and Trager in Tarigan, H.G. 1992:7 state that reduplication is the repetition of all or part of the base, with and without internal
change, before or after the base itself. e.g: papa
choo choo
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3. Internal Modification
Samsuri 1994:92 states that … karena perubahan-perubahan itu sendiri terdapat di dalam morfem-morfem itu, kami sebut perubahan-
perubahan itu perubahan intern. Internal modification can be divided into two:
• Internal Modification in vocalic change e.g:
present past
past participle
eat ate
eaten get
got got,
gotten drink
drank drunk
• Internal Modification in plural and singular change e.g. man Æ men
tooth Æ teeth Internal modification is not found in Batak Simalungun Language.
4. Suppletion
Samsuri 1994:193 states that suplisi adalah proses morfologi yang menyebabkan adanya benruk yang sama sekali baru
. e.g:
present past
go went
am was
Suppletion is not foun in Batak Simalungun Language. 5.
Zero Modification Nida in Tarigan 1992:248 states that when the structure of a
series of related forms is such that is the significant absence of a formal
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feature at some point or points in the series, we may describe such a significant absence as zero.
e.g: Verb forms present
past past
participle cut
cut cut
put put
put Noun
forms Singular Plural
Sheep sheep
Deer deer
In Batak Simalungun Language, zero modification is not found. So from the quotations and explanations above, it can be concluded that
Morphological Process is the process of forming words or word formation by adding affixes to the base form, or in other words, the process of morphology in
the way to form words by combining one morpheme with others.
2.3 A Brief Discussion of Contrastive Analysis
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