Suffix –er and –tion in English and suffix –an in Batak Simalungun Language are bound morpheme. If they are not attached to the base form,
they will not have meaning. While, base form run and correct in English and hundul and etek in Batak Simalungun language are free morpheme
because they can stand alone. And if they stand alone, they have meaning.
3. Poly-morphemic word
Poly-morphemic word is morphemes that are attached in word consist of free morphemes.
Example: Air
+ craft
Æ aircraft
ENGLISH
House +
work Æ housework From those examples above, word aircraft consists of two free
morphemes, air and craft. And also, word housework consists of two free morphemes house and work. Each free morpheme has meaning.
2.2 2 Words
Linguists often have a problem with word in linguistics. The claim that words have structure might come as a surprise because normally speakers think of
words as indivisible units of meaning. This is probably due to the fact that many words are morphologically simple. For example, the, fierce, desk, eat, boot, at,
fee, mosquito, etc., cannot be divided up into smaller units that are themselves
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meaningful. It is impossible to say what the –quito part of mosquito or the –erce part of fierce means.
But very many English words are morphologically complex. They can be broken down into smaller units that are meaningful. This is true of words like
desk-s and boot-s, for instance, where desk refers to one piece of furniture and boot refers to one item of footwear, while in both cases the –s serves the
grammatical function of indicating the plurality. It is known that word is free morpheme because it can stand alone and has
meaning. Some linguists like Bloomfield 1933:178 defines a word is a free form which is not a phrase. A word is then a free form which does not consist entirely
of two or lesser free for: in brief, a word is minimum free form . A free form of
which consists of two or lesser free forms as, for instance, poor John or John ran away
or yes, sir, is a phrase. Hockett 1958:166 says that a word is thus any segment or a sentence
bounded by successive points at which pausing is possible . For example, John
treats his older sister very nicely . This sentence consists of 7 words; they are
Johntreatshisoldersisterverynicely .
And also, Ramlan 1983:26-28 states that kata adalah satuan bebas yang paling kecil, atau dengan kata lain, setiap satuan bebas merupakan kata. Kata
merupakan dua macam satuan, ialah satuan fonolofik dan satuan gramatik. Sebagai satuan gramatik, kata terdiri dari satu atau beberapa morfem
. Words are used for different purposes. They, in other words, perform a
variety of functions. They, sometimes, name of persons, places and things an on certain occasions, they are used I place of nouns or they describe things, persons,
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or places. Words are also used to describe actions, show relationships and to combine words or sentences. Words may also be used to modify a verb, and
adjective or another adverb and to express some sudden feeling. They are classified into eight kinds on account of their functions Murthy 1998:5. They
are: • Noun
Noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, an idea or a quality of mind. Example:
- Mother Teresa is a great social worker. - India is a sub-continent.
- Dictionary is useful for students. In the first sentence, Mother Teresa is the name of a person.
In the second, India is the name of a place or country. In the third, dictionary is the name of thing.
• Adjective Adjective is a word used to describe or qualify nouns. Example:
- A read a historical novel - Sarah is a beautiful girl.
The word ‘historical’ tells about the novel and word ‘beautiful’ tells us something about girl.
• Pronoun Pronoun is a word used in place of nouns. Example:
- Sarah is my friend. She is very beautiful. - I visited Delhi. This is the capital of India.
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The italicized words ‘she’ and ‘this’ are pronouns because they stand for persons or things. ‘She’ stands for Sarah and ‘this’ stands for India.
• Verb Verb is a word used to express the action, condition or existence.
Example: - I wait for Waldo.
- My mother is sick. - There are some apples in the table.
The word ‘wait’ tells us what ‘I’ do in the first sentence. The word ‘is’ expresses the condition of subject ‘my mother’ and the word ‘are’
expresses existence. • Adverb
Adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb or a word used to explain how, where, when and why an action is performed.
Example: - They live happily.
- Waldo is very handsome. -. She speaks English quite well.
In the first sentence, the word ‘happily’ modifies the verb ‘live’. In the second, the word ‘very’ modifies the adjective ‘handsome’. And in the
third, the word ‘quite’ modifies another adverb ‘well’.
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• Preposition Preposition is a word used to explain the relation between two
grammatical words or a word used with a noun or pronoun to show their relation with some other words in the sentence. Example:
- I am fond of Michael. - They boasted about their wealth.
- She is angry with me. - I deposit my money in the bank.
The word ‘of’’ shows the relation between adjective ‘fond’ and the noun ‘Michael’ in the first sentence. The relation between the verb ‘boasted’
and the noun ‘wealth’ is shown by the word ‘about’ in the second sentence.
The word ‘with’ shows the relation between the adjective ‘angry’ and the pronoun ‘me’ in the third sentence. The word ‘in’ shows the relation
between the noun ‘money’ and another noun ‘bank’. • Conjunction
Conjunction is a word used to combine two words or sentence. Example: - Eva visited Brastagi and Kabanjahe last year.
-Gladys will come today or tomorrow. - He tried hard but he failed in his attempt.
The word ‘and’ joins two words “Brastagi’ and ‘Kabanjahe’ in the first sentence. In the second sentence, the word ‘or’ joins the two words ‘today’
and ‘tomorrow’, while in the third sentence, the word ‘but’ joins two sentences ‘he tried hard’ and ‘he failed in his attempt’.
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• Interjection Interjection is word which expresses some sudden feeling. Example:
- Alas - Excellent
- Well said - Fantastic
2.3 An Account on Morphological Process
