feature at some point or points in the series, we may describe such a significant absence as zero.
e.g: Verb forms present
past past
participle cut
cut cut
put put
put Noun
forms Singular Plural
Sheep sheep
Deer deer
In Batak Simalungun Language, zero modification is not found. So from the quotations and explanations above, it can be concluded that
Morphological Process is the process of forming words or word formation by adding affixes to the base form, or in other words, the process of morphology in
the way to form words by combining one morpheme with others.
2.3 A Brief Discussion of Contrastive Analysis
Since World War II until the middle of 1960s, Contrastive Analysis dominated world of studying target language and foreign language. The
understanding of contrastive analysis is very important to help the students in studying language.
Crystal states that contrastive is a term used in Linguistics for a difference between units, especially one which serves to distinguish meanings in a
language .
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Ridwan 1998:8 states that Analisis Kontrastif adalah suatu metode penganalisisan linguistik yang berusaha mendeskripsikan, membuktikan, dan
menguraikan perbedaan atau persamaan aspek-aspek kebahasaan dari dua bahasa atau lebih yang dibandingkan
Contrastive Analysis is a method of linguistic analysis that tries to describe, prove, and analyze the dissimilarities and
similarities of audio-lingual aspects of two or more compared languages. The use of terms ‘similarity and dissimilarity’ are narrow or limited because those
terms refer to the condition if all aspects that are compared are same they can be said ‘similarity’ and vise verse. So, it is advised to use the terms
‘correspondence’, ‘partly-correspondence’, and ‘non-correspondence’. It is also emphasized with Ridwan statement that analisis kontrastif menggarisbawahi
usaha-usaha untuk menemukan unsur-unsur yang sama correspondence, sebagian sama partly-correspondence dan tidak sama atau beda penuh non-
correspondence antara bahasa-bahasa dibandingkan. So, language and contrastive analysis cannot be separated because there is a big relationship between them
because the material of contrastive analysis is language. Naibaho 2006:1 says that contrastive analysis is the method of analysis
whereby the differences and similarities of two or more language .
Hartman and Stork 1972:43 states that comparative and contrastive have similarity that is they compare two or more languages. It means that comparative
and contrastive linguistics are the branches of linguistics that compare two or more languages are made explicitly
. Besides, the contrastive analysis is a method of analysis by contrasting two or more languages.
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From those quotations above, it can be concluded that contrastive analysis is a method of analysis that observes the similarities and differences which
consists in two or more language in the different language family. According to Ridwan, there are three goals of contrastive analysis. They
are:
To find out the correspondence
To find out the partly-correspondence
To find out the non-correspondence But, besides that the final goal of Contrastive Linguistics is to study the target
language. Correspondence means that when we analyze and compare two different languages, we will find the similarities between both of them, such as
they are correspondence in meaning or function. Partly correspondence means that when we analyze and compare two different languages, we will find the similarity
but not in whole part. And the non-correspondence means that there is no similarity between two languages.
Ridwan 1998:9 says that contrastive analysis has two steps or ways of approach in contrasting two or more languages
. They are:
Synchronic Approach Synchronic Approach is an approach of Contrastive Linguistics that
focused on the contemporary forms in the languages that are compared.
Diachronic Approach Diachronic Approach is approach of Contrastive Linguistics that focused
on the using of language that is differed from one term to another term.
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The functions of Contrastive Linguistics are divided into two Tarigan 1992:226. They are scientific function and practical function. Practical function
is related to the error analysis and interference analysis. Interference is influenced with some factors; they are age, education, occupation, religion, area, etc. But in
Scientific function, it will find out or prove the similarity and the difference in some forms, characteristics, or even in some aspects of langue between.
Languages compared and languages in contact. It is important to know that the interference can happen because of bilingual or multilingual.
Contrastive analysis has two aspects of analyzing, they are: Psychology aspects and Linguistic aspect Guntur 1992:17. Psychological analysis consists of
the difficulties of study, the way of arranging the teaching material, and how to give the lesson. While linguistic aspect relates with the problems of contrasting
the two or more languages. According to Hartmann and Stark 1972: 43 state, “Comparative and
contrastive have similarity that is they compare two or more languages.” The methodology of contrastive analysis is something like how we get the
similarities and differences of two languages. Contrastive analysis usually compares and finds the differences and similarities between both languages that
compared. And the last, in Contrastive Linguistics Contrastive Analysis, we will
analyze the base form. For analyzing it, we can use some terms to make us easily analyze it, such as:
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• Form In this thesis, I analyze the suffixes between English and Batak
Simalungun Langauge. So, in form, it will be discussed about the suffixes which are attached to the base form which is ended with vowel, consonant,
diphthong, semivowel and cluster phoneme. Ridwan 1997:8 says that vowel phoneme is the vocal sounds made without audible stopping of the
breath such as a, i, u, e, o . Then, consonant is a speech sound produced by
abstructing or impeding the passage of air at the same point in the vocaltract above glottis such as p, b, t, g, m, n, f, s, v, z, h, l.
. And, diphthong is when one syllable consists of two vowel sounds, it is
necessary to pronounce them by means of quick glide from one vowel sound to the other
; for example, ai as glide and ei as in make.
Semivowels-also known as glides, especially in older literature—are non- syllabic vowels that form diphthongs with full syllabic vowels. That is, they
are vowel-like sounds that do not form the nucleus of a syllable or mora; they are not the most prominent part of the syllable such as w, r, j.
Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics 1985:59 says that cluster is a sequence of two or more consonants
. For example, st in test test.
• Distribution In distribution, it will be discussed about the distribution the part of speech
such as numeral, verb, noun, adjective, adverb, pronoun, article, preposition, conjunction, and interjection that can be attached with suffixes
or not. Part of speech or word-class help us recognize the grammatical
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function of units in a sentence and on the contrary, the ability to use a word in a sentence requires knowledge of its syntactic category.
• Function In function, it will be discussed about the changing of part of speech
function after attached by suffix. For example, from noun to adjective friend+ly Æ friendly or adjective to adverb quick+lyÆ quickly.
• Meaning In meaning, it will be discussed about the meaning of the words after
attached by suffix.
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III. METHOD OF THE ANALYSIS
One of the essential parts in scientific research in analyzing the data is to have a method of analysis. In this thesis I apply library research which using
written information to support the analysis. I will make suffixes in English and Batak Simalungun Language as the main object of the analysis which are
analyzed from aspect of form, distribution, function, and meaning. There are some steps which will be taken in doing the analysis. First, I will collect the data from
some books. Then the second step, I will analyze the data from aspect of form, distribution, function and meaning. Finally, I will contrast them and make a
general conclusion from the analysis.
3.1. Research Method
