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revenue about 2,33. That is why the hypotesis for small scale business become maize Emping is profitable and visiable to develope. And also based on beenefit cost ratio analysis
BC Ratio 1,33 1 means that the small scale business in maize farmer group is visiable to operate.
3.3. Maize Waste Processing Aspect
The processing of stem an ear of corn become bricket production is an easy process, because it does not need tools and sophisticated technology, stem bricket can be produced well. It’s
begin with to burn the stem until become charcoal. Further more is treated by pounded or milled. To get the charcoal become treating so after pounding it should be creamed is about ±
80 mess. The charcoal is already done is combined with glue is like tapioca is boiled until become glue with the comparison between charcoal and tapioca about 9:1. The combination
of charcoal and tapioca is formed used lithoprinti
ng from bamboo or pipe while it’s crashed until compacted. Bricket is already done is dry in the sun until ± 2
– 3 days.
Figure 2. Maize Waste Processing
3.4. Program Evaluation Aspect
Tabel 1. Program Evaluation No
Dimension Target Indicators, and Task force
1 Quality
There is not validation information of processing production of maize and waste and tender used the prediction data, so that there is not data about processing
industry and house hold industry, also small business yang is operating in maize processing, the limitation of farmer skill to process the maize commodity and
also there is not guarenty from government about the price.
2 Budgeting
Founded that there is not budgeting for the capital of maize processing and also limited of access the credit bank, also the appreciation for the farmer who have
inovation at processing production 3
Flexibility Program Soil degredation which is planted by maize, reduction for another plantation,
reduction to the motivation of farmer to make the maize processing become their job primery, reduction in to the farmer to increasi their creation to produce the
Maize processing.
4 Reliability
There is not yet regulation to protect and ensure the maize farmer group, guarenty for market information for price of maize processing production,the
guaranty for the government to catalyze the farmer and investor, university research institution .
5 Waiting time
The performance to prepare the raw matterial, performance of processing machine Emping Jagung, the waste processing performance Briket, the ratio
of distiribution of Emping Jagung and Briket in to the trader and market, and also the performance of administration.
6 Feed Back
Avarage of time to respon the farmer , waiting time for farmer Produsen to get the information of matterial of maize, to respon the waiting time for farmer to
order the raw matterial also the process of Emping and Briket production and the number of customer is serviced.
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ISBN: 978-602-74204-0-3
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8 Institutional
Integrating Integrasi kelembagaan yang efektif pada kelembagaan petani Jagung dan petani
lain yang bergerak dibidang tanaman semusim melalui model tumpang sari seperti Cabai dengan Jagung, sayuran dengan jagung, dan tanaman holtikultara
lainnya yang merupakan bagian dari bahan baku produksi Emping Jagung, Stik jagung ataupun pakan ternak berbahan baku jagung sehingga terbangun model
pertanian terpadu Integrated farming.
9 Information Service
for Maize and Waste Processing
production Optimalyzed the customer potensil to enrich the information as a personal
selling, optimalyzed the media to inform the production of Emping Jagung by
using philosofy “Emping Jagung is food full of protein” to inform the new design of emping jagung to customer, to develop simphaty and emphaty to
competitor even he does not fill lost. 10
Institutional Economy For Maize
and Waste Processing
Production To change the“mind set” consistently in to the processing production of Emping
dan Briket via institutional and proffesional, to develop the institutional prinsiple, to measure the failur coordination to promote and market the
production of Emping and briket, to increasi the capasity og intituional economy by consistently.
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Biology Page 528
APOPTOSIS OF LIVER CELL OF MICE CAUSED BY FORMALIN-CONTAINING FOODSTUFF: STUDY ON EXTRINSIC PATHWAY THROUGH EXPRESSION OF
TNFα
Alfonds A. Maramis
1 1
Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, State University of Manado, Minahasas, Indonesia
alfondsmaramisyahoo.com
Abstract Formalin is not worthy as a preservative of food because it can cause health problems. Our previous
studies have shown that repeated exposure of foodstuffs containing formaldehyde causes disruptiondestruction of the level of the organism, organ, tissue, cell, and even molecular activation
of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in experimental animals. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of repeated exposure of fish containing formalin against the the number of liver
cell of mice
Mus musculus
that expressing the tumor necrosis factor alpha TNFα protein, responsible for extrinsic apoptosis.
Expression of TNFα was determined using immunohistochemical techniques. The
TNFα data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA with treatment and time factor as independent variable. Treatment factor consisted of four categories, i.e.: negative control, positive
control of fish, positive control of formalin, and treatment of fish containing formalin. Time factor consisted of four categories, i.e.: exposure that repeated daily during 0, 2, 14, and 62 days. The result
of treatment factor analysis showed that the number of liver cell that expressing TNFα in the group of
formalin-exposed mice either in the form of single compounds or in mixture with fish meat were higher than the group of mice that were exposed to distilled water negative control as well as fresh
fish meat without formalin positive control of fish. The results of time factor analysis indicates that the number of liver cell that
expressing TNFα in the group of mice that repeatedly exposed for 2, 14, and 62 days were higher than those of mice exposed during 0 day. It can be concluded that exposure to
formalin causes an increase the number of liver cell that expressing the TNFα, even since the formalin
was exposed daily for 2 days, and stagnated until 62
nd
day.
Keywords :Apoptosis, formalin-
containing foodstuff, tumor necrosis factor alpha TNFα.
1. Introduction
