Proceedings of MatricesFor IITTEP – ICoMaNSEd 2015
ISBN: 978-602-74204-0-3
Biology Page 470
ANTILITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF
Artocarpus altilis
LEAVES ETHANOL EXTRACT IN MALE ALBINO RATS
Johanis J. Pelealu
1
, Tuju Eline Adelien
2
, Jeanne R Agu
3
1
Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
2
Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Manado, Minahasa, Indonesia
3
Pancaran Kasih GMIM hospital, Manado, Indonesia tujuelinegmail.com
Abstract This research was conducted to study the effect of antilithiatic of
Artocarpus altilis
leaves ethanol extract in male albino rats as urolithiasis model. Twenty adult rats with body weight ranged from 150-
200 g were assigned into 4 treatments control, urolithiasis and extract. Rats were induced to urolithiasis by 0,75 vv ethylene glycol in drinking water for 14 days. In addition, to ethylene glycol
treatment, rats were administered solution containing 150 mgkg BW and 300 mgkg BW
Artocarpus altilis
leaves ethanol extract. After 14 days experiment period the animals were slaughtered to histological and serum blood analysis. The results of the research indicated that
Artocarpus altilis
leaves ethanol extract has a protective activity againts ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in male albino rats.
Keywords:
Artocarpus altilis
, ethylene glycol, antilithiasis, rat
1. Introduction
Urolithiasis kidney stones is a hard crystalline mineral material formed within the kidney or urinary tract formed due to excess salt in the bloodstream which then crystallize in the
kidneys. There are several types of stone but most general are calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate Sellaturay and Fray 2008; Choubey, 2010; Joy, 2012. Urolithiasis is a disease that
can cause severe pain, minor bleeding and often recur. In the world, an estimated 12 incidence of kidney stones in which 70-81 are male and only 47-60 of women, especially
in the age of 40-50 years Lee
et al
., 1996;
Joy et al
., 2012: Soundararajan, 2006. This is due to male has testosterone may increase the occurrence of kidney stones, while in female the
hormone estrogen turns inhibits the formation of kidney stones Devi
et al
., 1993; Lee
et al
., 1996; Joy
et al.,
2012.The use of drugs such as diuretics to surgical removal of the stones have a high risk and costly.
Some medicinal plants used as traditional medicine for kidney stones such as cats whiskers, liman, avocado leaves, leaf spoon, sambilto and others. One of the medicinal plants found in
North Sulawesi are leaves of
Artocarpus altilis. Artocarpus altilis
leaves contain active compounds such as flavonoids, hydrocyanic acid, acetylcholine, tannin, riboflavin and forth
so beneficial to health, effective treatment of diseases such as hepatitis, dental, itching, enlargement of the spleen, heart, inflammation, kidney disease and others Abdasssah 2009;
Son, 2013; Sunarjono, 2006; Harmanto, 2012; Lubis and Astuti, 2006. The traditional medicine suggests that leaves of
Artocarpus altilis
to be antilithiatic, but scientific data supporting this data is still lacking.
Proceedings of MatricesFor IITTEP – ICoMaNSEd 2015
ISBN: 978-602-74204-0-3
Biology Page 471
2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Preparation of Extract
The
Artocarpus altilis
leaves was collected from around the UNSRAT campus. The leaves were cleaned and dried under shade. The dried leaves was powdered and passed through the
coarse sieve no 20, macerated using ethanol in 1:5 wv ratios for 72 h. The extract was filtered through muslin cloth then the filtrate was evaporated by rotary evaporator to
evaporate the solvent to obtain the solid extract Umesh and Christina,2011.
2.2. Experimental Animal
Twenty male albino Wistar rats weighing between 150-200g were used in this experiment. The animals were fed with feed pellets and were given water
at libitum
. Animals were housed in plastic cages with filter tops under condition of 12:12 light dark cycle. The animals were
maintained in this condition for 1 week before the experimental.
2.3. Experimental Design
Ethylene glycol induced lithiasis was used to asses the antilithiatic activity in male albino rats. Twenty animals were divided into 4 groups,each with 5 rats. Group-1 as normal control and
Group II to IV received 0.75 ethylene glycol in drinking water at libitum. After received ethylene glycol for 14 day, Group III and IV received ethanol extract of
Artocarpus altilis
leaves 150 mgkg BW and 300 mgBW orally for 14 day.
2.4. Serum analysis
After the experimental period, blood was collected from cor under anesthetic conditions and the animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation. Serum was separate by centrifugation at
15.000 rpm for 10 min and analyzed for uric acid, ureum and creatinine content.
2.5. Histopathological studies
To know the the incidence of lithiasis the kidney were isolated and subjected to rapidly with Bouin solution, soaked in paraffin, cut at 5 µm intervals and stained with hematoxylin and
eosin. Tissue slices were fhotographed using optical microscopy and observed the pathological changes
3. Result
In the present study uric acid, ureum and creatinine serum content progressively increased in ethylene glycol animals. After treated with
Artocarpus altilis leave,
were stored close to normal limits Tabel 1.
Table 1. Antilithiatic effects ethanol extract of Artocarpus altilis leaves on serum profile uric acid, ureum and creatinine content
Treatment Uric acid
---------------- Ureum
mgdl Creatinine
--------------- I.
Control II.
Ethylene glycol III.
Extract 150 mgkg BW IV.
Extract 300 mgkg BW 1.98 ± 0.47
4.52 ± 0.95 2.28 ± 0.55
2.12 ± 0.66 31.56 ± 3.63
49.14 ± 4.14 37.98 ± 3.51
32.96 ± 2.05 0.57 ± 0.01
1.45 ± 0.25 1.17 ± 0.49
0.93 ±0.32
Values are expressed as Mean ± SD n=5 Values were significantly different from control at p 0.05
Values were significantly different from EG at p 0.05
Proceedings of MatricesFor IITTEP – ICoMaNSEd 2015
ISBN: 978-602-74204-0-3
Biology Page 472
Histopathological study results antilihtiasis activity of
Athertocarpus altilis
leave in male rats were presented in Fig. 1-4. Histopathological studies of kidneys clearly revealed that the
tissue from control group shows tubules with single epithelia lining along the margin and were of normal size Fig 1.
Fig 1. Normal control Fig 2. Litiathic control
Fig.3. Extract 150 mgkg BW Fig.4. Extract 300 mgkg BW
Fig. 1 - 4. Histopathological study results antilihtiasis activity of Athertocarpus altilis leave in male rats
In this experiment, kidney from animals treated with ethylene glycol turned out to cause damage to the glomerulus and renal tubules are characterized by the infiltration of
inflammatory cells into the tubular lumen. Epithelial cells undergo disquamasion even lost cell nucleus as well as the deposition of microcrystals in the kidney tubules. Podosit cells in
the corpus experiencing renal atrophy even lost of nucleus which is characterized by cells began to shrink with a darker color. A similar trend is also seen in the renal capsule, wherein
the capsular epithelial cells undergo atrophy and desquamation are characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the tubular lumen Fig 2. Treated with extract
Athertocarpus altilis
leave showed characters similar to the normal Fif 3, 4.
4. Discussion
