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5.36.4 Summary
This study was able to find an exact semantic equivalent in HCE for the primitive PART. It also found substantial evidence that the HCE exponent may be used in a variety of domains, as one would expect
with the primitive PART W 1980:29. In the corpus, we found evidence for the following NSM frames:
X IS A PART OF Y We are missing evidence for the frame:
Y, THERE ARE X PARTS
5.37 KIND OF 5.37.1 Primitive Syntax
There are two primary valences which we will be looking for in this section X IS A KIND OF Y
X IS THE SAME KIND AS Y THERE ARE d1 KINDS OF Y
Like the syntax for PART, the syntax specification for KIND W 1996:141-2 is somewhat sketchy. Exactly what the fillers of X and Y are is not spelled out explicitly anywhere. An educated guess is that
these may be semantic molecules based on either SOMEONE or SOMETHING. I assume the subject position is also fillable by the primitives I, YOU, and THIS. And presumably, the slot Z is fillable by the
same class of determiners used in the analogous valence for PART.
5.37.2 HCE Candidates
The HCE form kain is a prominent marker of basilectal speech. Unlike its SE counterpart, HCE kain is tangled up in a fascinating but mind-boggling web of polysemy. At the same time, I would like to argue
that one sense of kain is indeed an exact semantic equivalent for the NSM primitive KIND OF. At first glance, it seems as if HCE uses its exponent of KIND in more contexts than one would in SE.
AK:626 Mullet, yeah. Big kind mullet, though. Even the front pond, lot of people go steal fish. ER:795 Get inside there. Then, from over here, you go from this lime tree, you know this lime tree
over here, this side, this side all our garage. The long kind garage, the one I was telling you the other time. The long garage, from Pablo house, the store...
ER:807 Yeah, good kind kaukau but sometime we play basketball, the workers like that, they
know what restaurant get the good kaukau. They tell we go the Chinese boardinghouse get good kind kaukau. We walk to the Chinese one, go eat.
Big kain mulet, lan kain garaj, and gud kain kaukau do not refer to big types of mullets, long kinds of garages, or good types of food. These phrases simply refer to big mullets, long garages and good food.
This sense of kain is almost superfluous in these contexts. Its meaning is rather elusive, but I would suggest its role is a kind of emphatic and can be explicated something along the following lines:
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124 X-ADJ kine Y
a. Y is X-ADJ
b. all Y’S are not like this
There is another pattern of kain which could be confused with the primitive one: ER:825 No, that’s why, no more car, only wagon trail. Only the wagon kind over there. The
automobile like that, no can. No can go down. Till later, bumbai some Filipinos they started make, follow the wagon trail and go down. Then they reach right by the beach. They reach by the beach right
over there, get sand hill. And when they come back, they no can climb up the sand. The sand come soft, then they try throwing stone, they try make the road so they can go down.
ER:858 We go spear. We walk until soon you see the back, the head come up because sometime the water little bit red, eh. Only the back come out. You chase ’em over there, you see the back, hit ’em with
the spear and the handle, the row kind boat, the handle, that’s how we make. You hit ’em, the spear go down. He come up, eh, because heavy yeah, the spear. I used to go grab ’em like that, you know. You
look the other guy, you watch where the head stay, he go like that, you come from behind. You poke your hand, right over here by the back, you poke your hand on top the back over here, he squeeze, they
make like that, and then stuck, you only press ’em down, he go right up.
NK:934 Oh, he had plenty tools. That’s what we used to think. You know, those days, when you
lend people, they no come back, you know, the tools. That’s why, minamina my father tools. He get iron kind, he get the stone kind. And some, they get wood kind for dig.
SU:1528 You know, the man kind hoe, the top little bit big, eh? We used to steal that. We used to
go nighttime. We used to go down somebody’s house, go steal. Nighttime, we go down there, three, four boys, we go down, we go steal the hoe. And then come home, we knock off the blade, and we cut the
wood. We used to do that. I would like to suggest that this pattern of kain can be explicated roughly:
125 X kain Y
a. I think about this kind of Y
b. when I think about X
The X slot can be filled with a wide variety of nouns, which the speaker uses to help identify the particular kind of Y he is refering to. Again, this construction may indeed have something to do with
KINDS of things, but it is clearly not semantically primitive. The following examples demonstrate more accurately the sense of HCE kain that we are looking for:
AK:610 Well, we come to Kukuihaele for all these other kind of foods. You come out, most time
the main important things is your salt, your sugar, maybe you need rice, all those things, eh? That’s the most important thing you need in Waipio. And the rest, you don’t have to. If you want some canned
stuff, you buy canned stuff. But we do buy canned stuff. We come up Kukuihaele for those things. Or Honokaa here. We come, we changed vegetables for foods, because I had nice vegetables, those days. We
bring ’em to Honokaa – cucumber, all that.
AK:614 Well, before, in that corner where that big monkeypod tree, that section was very deep before. Up there, and very deep. Well, that’s where they challenge. Otherwise, they have to go the other
side. Way over that waterfall. That section challenge this section, or the upper section challenge. They jump more like high dive, you know. Them guys, they told me all that. And then dancing. They get that
old
Hawaiian dancing. Not this other kind dancing, they get old Hawaiian dancing. ER:854 Yeah, merry-go-round. I think only swing and the merry-go-round. I think that’s all, only
two kind for the kids. Oh, and sandbox, you know, the beach sand, go play sand. They make sand for their castle.
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FD:287 Well, before we didn’t have, we didn’t have these kind of things happening to us now. We
didn’t have. Even like sickness. Never have so much sickness like before. GF:336 Go one different place. And then the whole stream bed dry up. We just pick what we want
to. Then, after we get enough, put the water back. Plenty fish. All kinds of fish. MM:366 Twelve feet. They get two kind. Twelve and fifteen. Yeah, twelve and fifteen, they have.
MM:371 They got to make adjustment. So, they have two kinds, see. All the plantations, they had
what they call the “irrigation field” and the “dry-land field.” What they mean by “dry land,” they no more irrigation, see. They only waiting for the rain come down. So the lines are almost flat, yo. Only
when they go irrigation field, the lines stay like this, eh? So, that’s why, they got to adjust, see. From one field, from unirrigated field you go to the irrigation field, you got to adjust your point, yo. The point, you
got to put one up, the other one down, the other one up, so that the low one stay inside the line. And on the long point, the one go inside the line, get one big blade, we call it, knife, yo. And that thing, he slide
on top the cane and then he cut only the cane, eh?
MY:1463 They had, but people don’t know. Because like us, we know because we go there, look.
The other kind people, the gaijin like that, they don’t go look. They don’t know what’s going in the camp. Like us, anything is something different, we go there and look. Fighting chicken.
NC:153 Chinese dinner. Like get chicken, duck, chop suey. Some kind of fish, some kind of
vegetables. All kinds. You get about seven, eight kine stuff on the table. 5.37.3 Examples of kain
5.37.4 X IS kain OF Y
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