History Hawai‛i Creole English
Chapter 3 Hawai‛i Creole English
3.1 History
Roberts’ 1995 study divides Hawai‛i’s pre-HCE linguistic history into four stages: Stage 1: 1790–1820 The emergence of pidginized Hawaiian PH Stage 2: 1820–1850 The emergence of mixed varieties of PH The emergence of English-based jargon The establishment of PH in plantations Stage 3: 1850–1876 The acquisition of PH by Chinese plantation workers Stage 4: 1876–1900 The acquisition of PH by large numbers of immigrant workers from various linguistic backgrounds, especially Japanese, Portuguese, and Filipino The gradual supplanting of PH by mixed PH and pidginized English According to Roberts p. c., it is difficult to pinpoint an exact time for the emergence of HCE, but HCE was undoubtedly in vigorous use by 1910, at least in certain areas. Sato 1989:193 suggests that HCE usage reached its peak in the 1930’s. Consequently, one can extend Roberts’ time line in the following manner: Stage 5: 1900–1930 The emergence and spread of HCE Sato 1985:265–267 identifies several factors which have contributed to the relatively recent displacement of HCE with SE. At the onset of World War II, the Japanese, Hawai‛i’s largest group of immigrants, became particularly motivated to speak SE as a token of their loyalty to America. This, together with the diversification of Hawai‛i’s economy, statehood 1 , the rise of the economic and political status of SE, and pressure from the educational establishment have conspired to bring about the decline of HCE in Hawai‛i. So, we can tentatively add yet another stage in Hawai‛i’s linguistic development: Stage 6: 1940–present? Widespread decreolization of HCE Decreolization, however, does not appear to be the end of the story. As we shall see, the socioeconomic forces which gave rise to decreolization do not remain stationary. 1 There is an amusing anecdote that following statehood, Lippy Espinda a popular local personality and an informant for Labov 1990 set up a sign at his place of business which read “Statehood – Congratulations, we all haoles now. ” Haole is the vernacular, somewhat pejorative term, for mainland Caucasians. 303.2 Language attitudes
Parts
» e Book 61 Stanwood Adequacy Hawaii Creole English
» Concerning the present study Contents of chapters The hypothesis
» The NSM specification Introduction
» Falsification of hypothesis Validity of results
» Naturalness NSM as an approach to semantic analysis
» Substitutability NSM as an approach to semantic analysis
» How substitution works for articles
» Substituting one level at a time
» Directionality An overview of Natural Semantic Metalanguage
» The search for semantic primitives
» About the forms of primitives
» Cross-linguistic equivalence An overview of Natural Semantic Metalanguage
» The NSM specification An overview of Natural Semantic Metalanguage
» Specific concerns about the current NSM proposal
» Conclusion X feels like this
» History Hawai‛i Creole English
» Language attitudes Hawai‛i Creole English
» HCE and cognition Hawai‛i Creole English
» Standard English and cognitive development Linguists on the equality of languages
» Pattern of variation What to study
» The primitives Importance of primitives History and status of primitives
» Organization of following sections
» HCE candidates Examples of aimi
» HCE Candidates Examples of yu
» HCE candidates SOMEONE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of samwan Examples of prsn
» Examples of sambadi SOMEONE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of gai SOMEONE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of pipo
» HCE candidates Examples of samting
» Examples of ting Examples of wat
» HCE candidates THINK .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of tink THINK .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates KNOW .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of no KNOW .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates SAY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of sei SAY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of tel SAY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Primitive Syntax HCE candidates
» Examples of laik WANT .1 Semantics
» Examples of wan WANT .1 Semantics
» HCE candidates FEEL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of fio FEEL .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of du
» HCE Candidates Examples of dis
» HCE Candidates Examples of seim
» HCE Candidates Examples of ada
» Examples of eos OTHER .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of wan
» HCE Candidates Examples of tu
» HCE Candidates Examples of lats
» Examples of maeni MUCHMANY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of mach MUCHMANY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of pleni MUCHMANY .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of aw
» Examples of aweiz ALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of evribadi ALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of evriwan ALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of gud
» HCE Candidates HCE Examples Examples of baed
» HCE Candidates Examples of big
» HCE Candidates SMALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of smaw SMALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of lido SMALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of veri
» Examples of rili VERY .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of wen
» Examples of taim WHEN .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of samtaim WHEN .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates AFTER .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of aefta AFTER .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of aeftawad AFTER .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of bifo
» HCE Candidates WHERE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of pleis WHERE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of wea WHERE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of anda
» Examples of andanit UNDER .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates ABOVE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of abav ABOVE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates PART .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of pat PART .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates KIND OF .1 Primitive Syntax
» X IS kain OF Y X IS THE SAME kain AS Y
» HCE Candidates LIKE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of laik LIKE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of jaslaik LIKE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of bikaz
» Examples of kaz BECAUSE .1 Primitive syntax
» HCE Candidates IF .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of if IF .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Examples Examples of dondi’n
» Examples of no NOT .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of neva NOT .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of kaen
» Summary CAN .1 Primitive Syntax
» YOU, I, SOMEONE, and PEOPLE SOMETHING and FEEL
» The other mental predicates: THINK, KNOW, SAY, WANT
» Activities and events: DO and HAPPEN Evaluators: GOOD, BAD
» Qualities: BIG, SMALL Intensifier: VERY Temporal: TIMEWHEN, AFTER, and BEFORE
» Locative: PLACEWHERE, UNDER, ABOVE
» PartonomyTaxonomy: PART OF, KIND OF LIKE
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