Language attitudes Hawai‛i Creole English
3.2 Language attitudes
Negative attitudes towards HCE have persisted both within and without the HCE speaking community. For many ‘haoles’, HCE was that “unintelligible gibberish which passes for English” which is “born of pure laziness” Perlman 1973:3. It is estimated Grimes 1992 that between 100,000 and 200,000 speakers of HCE have a limited command of Standard English SE. It is therefore not surprising that HCE, like many nonstandard low- prestige languages, has not, in general, endeared itself to the well-intentioned members of the educational establishment. Consider the Department of Education’s 1943, quoted in Chang 1976:1 stand on HCE: Pidgin [i.e. HCE] has NOTHING to offer for the future. Because it is a backward, degenerate, parasitic language, our community should disapprove its use by those who are dependent on it. Students were required to “purge” Perlman 1973:3 HCE from their speech, and prejudicial attitudes towards HCE became institutionalized in Hawai‛i’s school system Sato 1985:264. Thus, HCE became stigmatized as the language of the poor, the low class, and the unintelligent Sato 1989:197. In fact, many locals 2 have succumbed to the notion that HCE is nothing more than “bad English” Sato 1985:267 and are ashamed of the language they speak. Only fairly recently have attitudes begun to shift. Tourism, the wave of foreign investment, the inevitable skyrocketing real estate prices, and the resulting economic pressure on local families already stressed by Hawai‛i’s high cost of living have all contributed the growing perception of ‘haoles’ and foreigners as outside threats to local people. Local people, once again feel a need to assert their identity and solidarity. HCE is, of course, an indispensable part of local culture. In 1987, Hawai‛i’s Board of Education’s attempt to ban HCE from the classroom actually served to solidify and mobilize the growing, albeit dormant, resentment against attacks aimed at local culture Sato 1989:202. The public outcry forced the Board of Education to substantially moderate its intended policy while bringing the issue to the attention of the general public. The recent resurgence of literary readings in HCE and the remarkable success of local plays conducted in HCE also bear testimony to this shift in language attitudes. Sato’s discussion 1989:209 suggests that perhaps there is justification for proposing yet another stage in Hawai‛i’s linguistic history: Stage 7: 1987–present Resurgence of Hawai‛i Creole It is difficult to predict whether current economic and political trends will continue in the long run. It is therefore premature to conclude whether this will be yet another major phase in Hawai‛i’s linguistic history or not.3.3 HCE and cognition
Parts
» e Book 61 Stanwood Adequacy Hawaii Creole English
» Concerning the present study Contents of chapters The hypothesis
» The NSM specification Introduction
» Falsification of hypothesis Validity of results
» Naturalness NSM as an approach to semantic analysis
» Substitutability NSM as an approach to semantic analysis
» How substitution works for articles
» Substituting one level at a time
» Directionality An overview of Natural Semantic Metalanguage
» The search for semantic primitives
» About the forms of primitives
» Cross-linguistic equivalence An overview of Natural Semantic Metalanguage
» The NSM specification An overview of Natural Semantic Metalanguage
» Specific concerns about the current NSM proposal
» Conclusion X feels like this
» History Hawai‛i Creole English
» Language attitudes Hawai‛i Creole English
» HCE and cognition Hawai‛i Creole English
» Standard English and cognitive development Linguists on the equality of languages
» Pattern of variation What to study
» The primitives Importance of primitives History and status of primitives
» Organization of following sections
» HCE candidates Examples of aimi
» HCE Candidates Examples of yu
» HCE candidates SOMEONE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of samwan Examples of prsn
» Examples of sambadi SOMEONE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of gai SOMEONE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of pipo
» HCE candidates Examples of samting
» Examples of ting Examples of wat
» HCE candidates THINK .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of tink THINK .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates KNOW .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of no KNOW .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates SAY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of sei SAY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of tel SAY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Primitive Syntax HCE candidates
» Examples of laik WANT .1 Semantics
» Examples of wan WANT .1 Semantics
» HCE candidates FEEL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of fio FEEL .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of du
» HCE Candidates Examples of dis
» HCE Candidates Examples of seim
» HCE Candidates Examples of ada
» Examples of eos OTHER .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of wan
» HCE Candidates Examples of tu
» HCE Candidates Examples of lats
» Examples of maeni MUCHMANY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of mach MUCHMANY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of pleni MUCHMANY .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of aw
» Examples of aweiz ALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of evribadi ALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of evriwan ALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of gud
» HCE Candidates HCE Examples Examples of baed
» HCE Candidates Examples of big
» HCE Candidates SMALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of smaw SMALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of lido SMALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of veri
» Examples of rili VERY .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of wen
» Examples of taim WHEN .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of samtaim WHEN .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates AFTER .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of aefta AFTER .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of aeftawad AFTER .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of bifo
» HCE Candidates WHERE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of pleis WHERE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of wea WHERE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of anda
» Examples of andanit UNDER .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates ABOVE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of abav ABOVE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates PART .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of pat PART .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates KIND OF .1 Primitive Syntax
» X IS kain OF Y X IS THE SAME kain AS Y
» HCE Candidates LIKE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of laik LIKE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of jaslaik LIKE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of bikaz
» Examples of kaz BECAUSE .1 Primitive syntax
» HCE Candidates IF .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of if IF .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Examples Examples of dondi’n
» Examples of no NOT .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of neva NOT .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of kaen
» Summary CAN .1 Primitive Syntax
» YOU, I, SOMEONE, and PEOPLE SOMETHING and FEEL
» The other mental predicates: THINK, KNOW, SAY, WANT
» Activities and events: DO and HAPPEN Evaluators: GOOD, BAD
» Qualities: BIG, SMALL Intensifier: VERY Temporal: TIMEWHEN, AFTER, and BEFORE
» Locative: PLACEWHERE, UNDER, ABOVE
» PartonomyTaxonomy: PART OF, KIND OF LIKE
Show more