Locative: PLACEWHERE, UNDER, ABOVE
6.11 Locative: PLACEWHERE, UNDER, ABOVE
Our investigation found the following NSM syntactic combinations for PLACE in our database: DO-Clause IN X PLACE HAPPEN-Clause IN X PLACE YOU ARE IN X PLACE SOMEONE IS IN X PLACE SOMETHING IS IN X PLACE The following valences were not found in our database search: I AM IN X PLACE THIS IS IN X PLACE PEOPLE ARE IN X PLACE Predicative PLACE is also relatively rare in our corpus. The valence I AM IN X PLACE can be therefore regarded as an accidental gap in our data. The second valence THIS IS IN X PLACE, I believe is also unnecessary, because the same meaning can be expressed through THIS THING IS IN X PLACE which is a subtype of another valence i.e., SOMETHING IS IN X PLACE. The last valence PEOPLE ARE IN X PLACE is problematic. You can say: 149 pipo stei dis pleis ‘People are in this place’ In this case, however, it seems to me that you are talking about individuals and not PEOPLE in general. I suspect in this case, the NSM specification may be incorrect. While GOOD or perhaps even BIG may be predicated of PEOPLE in general, predicating locations of PEOPLE in general may be stretching things a bit too far. Our search has found the following syntactic combinations for UNDER present in our corpus: 345 I AM UNDER SOMEONE IS UNDER SOMETHING IS UNDER The following patterns were missing in our corpus: YOU ARE UNDER THIS IS UNDER PEOPLE ARE UNDER Since UNDER is also rare in our corpus, it is reasonable to regard the absence of YOU ARE UNDER as an accidental gap in our data. I regard the absence of THIS IS UNDER as incidental, as its semantic load may be carried by the combination THIS THING IS UNDER. I am skeptical of the valence PEOPLE ARE UNDER for the same reasons I am skeptical about the valence PEOPLE ARE IN X PLACE. The following valences for ABOVE were found in our corpus: SOMEONE IS ABOVE SOMETHING IS ABOVE The following valences were missing from our corpus: I AM ABOVE YOU ARE ABOVE PEOPLE ARE ABOVE THIS IS ABOVE Since ABOVE is very rare in our corpus, it is reasonable to regard the absence of YOU ARE ABOVE and I AM ABOVE as accidental gaps in our data. Likewise the absence of THIS IS ABOVE is incidental, as its semantic load may be carried by the combination THIS THING IS ABOVE. I am also skeptical of the valence PEOPLE ARE ABOVE for the same reasons I am skeptical about the valence PEOPLE ARE IN X PLACE. I should mention at this point that it has never been clear to me why two separate primitives are needed UNDER and ABOVE appear to be perfect conversives, i.e., X IS UNDER Y always implies Y IS ABOVE X and vice-versa. 1 1 Stan Starosta p.c. pointed out to me the following interesting counter-example. One can say: 150 The writing was under the paint. However, it seems rather strange to say: 151 ?? The paint was above the writing. Currently my only response is that it is possible that this is a separate sense of under, one which does not pay attention to vertical orientation. 3466.12 PartonomyTaxonomy: PART OF, KIND OF
Parts
» e Book 61 Stanwood Adequacy Hawaii Creole English
» Concerning the present study Contents of chapters The hypothesis
» The NSM specification Introduction
» Falsification of hypothesis Validity of results
» Naturalness NSM as an approach to semantic analysis
» Substitutability NSM as an approach to semantic analysis
» How substitution works for articles
» Substituting one level at a time
» Directionality An overview of Natural Semantic Metalanguage
» The search for semantic primitives
» About the forms of primitives
» Cross-linguistic equivalence An overview of Natural Semantic Metalanguage
» The NSM specification An overview of Natural Semantic Metalanguage
» Specific concerns about the current NSM proposal
» Conclusion X feels like this
» History Hawai‛i Creole English
» Language attitudes Hawai‛i Creole English
» HCE and cognition Hawai‛i Creole English
» Standard English and cognitive development Linguists on the equality of languages
» Pattern of variation What to study
» The primitives Importance of primitives History and status of primitives
» Organization of following sections
» HCE candidates Examples of aimi
» HCE Candidates Examples of yu
» HCE candidates SOMEONE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of samwan Examples of prsn
» Examples of sambadi SOMEONE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of gai SOMEONE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of pipo
» HCE candidates Examples of samting
» Examples of ting Examples of wat
» HCE candidates THINK .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of tink THINK .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates KNOW .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of no KNOW .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates SAY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of sei SAY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of tel SAY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Primitive Syntax HCE candidates
» Examples of laik WANT .1 Semantics
» Examples of wan WANT .1 Semantics
» HCE candidates FEEL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of fio FEEL .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of du
» HCE Candidates Examples of dis
» HCE Candidates Examples of seim
» HCE Candidates Examples of ada
» Examples of eos OTHER .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of wan
» HCE Candidates Examples of tu
» HCE Candidates Examples of lats
» Examples of maeni MUCHMANY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of mach MUCHMANY .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of pleni MUCHMANY .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of aw
» Examples of aweiz ALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of evribadi ALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of evriwan ALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of gud
» HCE Candidates HCE Examples Examples of baed
» HCE Candidates Examples of big
» HCE Candidates SMALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of smaw SMALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of lido SMALL .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of veri
» Examples of rili VERY .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of wen
» Examples of taim WHEN .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of samtaim WHEN .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates AFTER .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of aefta AFTER .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of aeftawad AFTER .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of bifo
» HCE Candidates WHERE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of pleis WHERE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of wea WHERE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of anda
» Examples of andanit UNDER .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates ABOVE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of abav ABOVE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates PART .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of pat PART .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates KIND OF .1 Primitive Syntax
» X IS kain OF Y X IS THE SAME kain AS Y
» HCE Candidates LIKE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of laik LIKE .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of jaslaik LIKE .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of bikaz
» Examples of kaz BECAUSE .1 Primitive syntax
» HCE Candidates IF .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of if IF .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Examples Examples of dondi’n
» Examples of no NOT .1 Primitive Syntax
» Examples of neva NOT .1 Primitive Syntax
» HCE Candidates Examples of kaen
» Summary CAN .1 Primitive Syntax
» YOU, I, SOMEONE, and PEOPLE SOMETHING and FEEL
» The other mental predicates: THINK, KNOW, SAY, WANT
» Activities and events: DO and HAPPEN Evaluators: GOOD, BAD
» Qualities: BIG, SMALL Intensifier: VERY Temporal: TIMEWHEN, AFTER, and BEFORE
» Locative: PLACEWHERE, UNDER, ABOVE
» PartonomyTaxonomy: PART OF, KIND OF LIKE
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