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5.28.2 HCE Candidates
There are four candidates for SMALL in HCE are: smaw, lido, manini, and smawlido. Manini has a negative connotation, somewhat like skimpy or petty.
Another candidate of interest is smawlido. In these examples, smawlido is used to describe small, innocuous things, functioning somewhat like a diminutive.
ER:762 When you get good luck, you catch plenty fish, eh. And you make plenty money, eh. So
you make one small-little party for the workingmen. But before they eat, they cut the head, they throw ’em inside the water.
ER:789 Sometime inside the meat, sometime when you kill too, the meat get da kine TB. So I ask him, “How come you know if the meat get TB?” He said you look by the liver. The liver, you know,
when you kill, just like small little puss.
ER:842 By hand, yeah. By hand and they cook the tar, put tar on top when they was making the road. And so those Japanese, they work hard. They smart how they work the road. You know, they cut
the stone only with the hammer and small little stuff. When you look, easy, they make ’em straight, yeah, all the stone. Just like carpenter. They know the grain of the lumber, how the way lumber run, just
like they know the stone, how the grain run.
FD:271 Well, they call that popolo. You know those leafy things, eh? They have that small little purple seed. And then, they just pound that and then squeeze it. And then you drink the juice. Even the
shoots, that’s how they pick up. Like this, you just pick ’em up, you know, so much, one handful. And then you go home, put in the cheesecloth or whatever, as long it’s clean. Then you pound that. But some,
they put in the ti leaf then they heat ’em up.
TA:35 In the olden days, not like small little paper, your birth certificate. YA:1034 I don’t know now. And no more road, those days, you know. Only one small little horse
buggy road, you know. You know where the Hawaiian Memorial Park? The two best candidates are then smaw and lido. There does not appear to be any obvious semantic
differences between the NSM primitive SMALL and the appropriate senses of these forms. It is interesting, however that there are no examples in our corpus of predicative lido. Furthermore, lido
appears to be used by used less frequently and by a narrower range of speakers 11 speakers as opposed to 18 than smaw. It is sufficiently widespread to be a possible allolex for some speakers, however the
more dominant form is definitely smaw.
5.28.3 Examples of smaw
5.28.3.1 smaw PERSON Although there are no canonical examples of smaw and PERSON, there are numerous non-canonical ones:
EB:1135 So, I went with him. I harvest little bit. Then, I heard kids playing around there, someplace. So, I run away from him. Oh, that’s the time he beat me up again. And that evening time,
again. So, ready to go home, everybody go home, oh, he so damn wild. He take the–I don’t know what he bin take–he beat me again. That’s when my auntie bin worry like that. That’s all. You know, small
kids, when you hear something playing, you gotta sneak, run around, eh? That’s how it happened. That’s why, most of the time, even my father was come home in our town, most of the time I stay with
my auntie.
EB:1135 Yeah. And, you know, those days, when harvesting the rice, you know small kids, eh? My
father tell me, “We go cut rice.” Magani, eh? Say, “Okay.”
ER:750 Yeah, I go. I used to go with my father when I small boy time. I used to go maybe about
ten years, like that. And when he drink, and he fall down from the horse, the horse stay there and I got to sleep over there until he sober and he can get up and then we go home.
216
ER:752 Us guys, us small boys. When we pau school, we go feed the chickens. Morning time
before we go school, we go throw kaukau.
ER:752 We get pig. The time we small boy, we get one pig, and the horses. My father get three
horse. So us guys, sometimes, we gotta go cut grass, too, for the horse when we pau school. We cut grass, go way inside the plantation place where the ditch run, eh. Plenty grass grow, we go cut grass for the
horse.
ER:760 Small kid time? ER:761 No, me. Because no more nothing, eh. No more jelly when I small boy time. So, I go get
mango. So when you eat, put ’em in the bread, oh, just like jelly, eh.
ER:768 Us go pick. Small boy time. Us, all my brother them, all we go. We pick. When we pass
over there, we see long kind, we go pick ’em up. We take home, then my mother clean. But sometime us go clean, too, inside the sea, eh. Just let ’em float, eh, like that so all the sand go down, eh. And then you
just grab the limu, you just go there, you throw ’em down a little bit then you make like that. All the sand go away, eh. And you put ’em in the bucket. Then bumbai she go home, then she go make again to
find if get little bit rock, sometimes stay stuck on top the end. She broke ’em up. And we go inside the water.
ER:770 Yeah, in Lahaina. I think they still get the place Lahaina. I think she stay rent ’em over there. That’s where we used to stay before I came over here. Stay going Lahaina Poko Road. I don’t
know. Now I forget. Before Lahaina time, small boy, yeah, I go all around the place, but now I no go. I don’t know how many...
ML:138 An some sma peopo –sma keeds, ha? wen out, unda-neat da puka. MM:319 No, no. His job was outside, taking care the kalai and hanawai people. They have a stable
where they get what they call stable men. They get about three, four guys, all depending how big the stable is, you know. The bigger the stable, well, they got to get more hands, see. But I don’t know. I was
small kid, so I don’t know how many men was working at the stable. But actually, I know a person was a stable man there because one of his sons was my classmate and we played together.
MM:355 Well, those days, mostly Japanese. Of course, they had few Filipinos, but. The Japanese,
the ladies, they get small child, they carry the baby, go. MM:359 About? Ah, I was youngster and I only small guy, too, that’s why, I figure maybe, I was
carrying maybe seventy pound or eighty pound. Let’s say even eighty pound. To load one ton, eh, how many piles you got to go up and down, you know?
NC:118 I know when I was a small kid, about six years old and we were working in our farm together. That’s when I realized rice farmer. All that time, when you small time, you wouldn’t take
notice of what the parents doing and all this stuff.
NC:141 That I don’t know. How often. Like us, small kid. We don’t know what they doing and
anything. We don’t know what sex is, those days.
NK:942 Uh uh, no. I was small girl, that time. SU:1573 Oh, he died about four, five years ago. He used to go down there every day. He’s a good
golfer. He’s a small guy, but he’s a good golfer. I think he was about the first one who play pro baseball in Pacific Coast League.
YA:1020 Well, because, after that, lately I find out, people tell me that’s the menehunes. Then I believe that was the menehunes. I don’t know what’s menehune, the beginning. I only tell that, that’s a
small Indian. “Indian” is wild man, eh? But more lately, I hear people tell me, “No, that small kind is menehunes.” Then, I learn about menehune, that’s all. I don’t know how old I was already after that, you
see?
YA:1021 No, no can tell which is female or male, they all run alike, just like one small, little baby, you know.
YA:1021 No. Was, was, was. Gotta be. Only small little man, just like black, and then no more
clothes on. All, you know, small. Just like a small baby, eh? So, after that, lately, I went all the way to the other side, Kahaluu. Then, people tell me, “You know what is that? That’s the menehunes.” Then I
217 believe was menehunes. Bumbai, I ask ’em, “What is menehune mean,” you know. They tell me,
“Menehune, that means a small Indian, baby Indian.” That’s all I know, see?
YA:1021 Yeah. I was big already, like this, eh? Five years old, I see the small, little Indians running around. They no big, you know. They black, eh? No more clothes, nothing on. And they crawling around
just like da kine small baby, like, you know. That’s all I know, see? If they never tell me that, I never know that was one–small baby Indian is menehune, see?
YA:1033 Oh, anyway, when you small time, you got to fight for fun, anyhow. No can help, eh?
And then, come big, then they know, see? They know each other. Some of them, they used to fight with me. Oh, I was small time, I think. Oh, about ten, fourteen, twenty years, I think, you know. Small kid
like this, eh? And when I was small, all like that, too. We fight, eh?
I assume that kid, chil, boi, grl, bebi, and maen are all decomposable in terms of PERSON. 5.28.3.2 smaw THING
There is a single canonical example of smaw combining with SOMETHING. In the example below, smaw necessarily modifies daet ting:
FD:293 Those are the choice taro, they like only the big ones. As long it’s big enough to put in the
imu, you know what I mean. If all like this big, is enough to put in the imu. But if small, they say once that thing come burn, no more nothing, eh. You know them, they put theirs one all in the imu. Every
year was getting bad. The following example is a near-canonical example. As mentioned previously, smawlido is not
primitive semantically, but is probably definable through smaw:
FD:274 Yeah, that thing just like the tea leaves. Small leaves. And then have the small little pokeys. Sometime, if only one loose in the pants like this, you can feel that thing. Oh, you can feel ’em,
eh? That plant.
NC:137 Come up like this, come like this, over here get more like one small little thing like that.
This thing is hollow and he get one small hole at the bottom. And up here is wide. I think the hole is about quarter inch on top. They use the cloth and plug ’em into that bamboo pipe. Plug ’em in there.
And when they prepare the thing, they get one lamp with oil and light up. And they use one wire, must be wire or something. They roll that thing more like cooking. That thing come big and then they put
’em on the part near the small hole. They play with the thing.
There are numerous near-canonical examples of smaw combining with SOMETHING attributively: AK:605 The poi. They have a barrels up there, all ready. When we take the poi over there, we turn
the poi in the barrel. Then from the barrel, we put it in the small sacks there. BB:021 No, the small boxes. Those days was small boxes. They stack ’em up about five high or six
high. They put the pineapple inside there. ’A’s how — later on...
ER:774 Yeah, about there in small paper bag. So we go over there. They tell us we go ride horse.
So we go ride horse. William father, eh, used to be the boss for the mountain. We go pick up tree. Then we put ’em in the bag. The bag, we cut ’em like this. Cut like this.
ER:791 On the boat, on the small boat. Then they put rope underneath, then they sling ’em up on
’em. One by one.
FD:246 Yeah, you know those. They have those barley bags. They have the small brown bags. FD:274 Yeah, that thing just like the tea leaves. Small leaves. And then have the small little
pokeys. Sometime, if only one loose in the pants like this, you can feel that thing. Oh, you can feel ’em, eh? That plant.
GF:334 Then I kept those ducklings. Then when they came bigger, well, two weeks old, I give them real mash. I pat the mash up with the water, make it damp. Because dry, kind of little bit hard to
swallow. Ducks not like chicks. Ducks, they get the flat bill. So I kept the ducks. And I build one small platform in the pond. I feed ’em here, and I corral. That’s why I had the small pond outside of my
house. Even till today the small pond is still there.
218
GF:347 Yeah, I select the seeds. I want all one size. But some people, they make big seed, small seed, any size seed. So long seed. I don’t want to go through waste lot of time. I don’t want to. Because I
harvest every week. I don’t need that much seed. Plant just certain amount. I always get about six patches back. Some people, they harvest and they plant right back. I like my patches to rest about two
month. Rest. Clean ’em out, let just water run.
GF:350 Yeah. I never been down Waipio for quite awhile now. Very seldom. Since they go away now, well, I got to take over. Until I can find somebody else. If I cannot find anybody else to sharecrop
with me, I going give the land back to Bishop Estate. Only thing, I improve those lands. They were small tiny patches. Cannot produce that much.
MM:322 Well, it’s not in that camp. It’s another camp. In our Camp, they used to get one small
Japanese store.
MM:326 Yeah, yeah. Three, four inches above the other grass, eh? So they call it “foxtail.” And the grass was little bit taller than that, maybe around here, eh? So, the pilot, he can see. At least no more no
rocks. Oh, he can land easy. And the small plane. You don’t have to get long runway, eh? MY:1474 Yeah. Tennis court and cottages there. Nice, da kine small cottages, rental cottages, was
there. After that, I don’t know, because we no go outside to the other side too much.
NC:134 Get eight. Four in a row The big wheel had four and the small wheel had four. NC:161 Yeah. Of course, three house, 2-bedrooms, and the other one is just small shack,
individual fellows stay. Actually, is warehouse, but they get no place to stay, so they stay like a house. And only our house is big, our house is five bedroom house.
NK:947 Bumbai, when we wen go home down the beach, all clear. No more rock, no more nothing.
All broke ‘ia. Even the behind, on the side–you know where the small house? we have. Go all the way back. Get stone wall all the way back. Get three acres.
SU:1524 Well, my father worked at the plantation. They call that the pack mule. Small mule, he
drags about four or five. Five. One, he rides. Four, load up the bone meal, and all kind of lumbers and everything, distribute to all of the fields, see. And then, after he come back, you know, they lease land
from the plantation and make his own sugar cane, see. SU:1560 I told them to find me a piece of property, same size as this place, on Kalakaua Avenue. At
that time, could, you know, find. Can, you know. Because next door used to be only small shack building. The city and county can buy the shack down there and move me right next. Or, around the
side of Ala Moana or something, around there. But no, they did not. YA:1071 Yeah. So, we all stay on top the bridge and wait till the water go down slow, eh? And
good thing get three, four people riding with me together. “You get down. Everybody get down, push the car.” That time, I get one small car, eh? Small car, before. Six cylinder or four cylinder, I think.
Somewhere around like that. The Dodge. So, we push the car over. And right over there where the Foremost Milk, over there, all duck-pond-like. Full up. Come way up this side, and you can get out of the
road, see.
5.28.3.3 smaw PLACE There are a substantial number of canonical examples of smaw and PLACE:
AK:666 Oh, pretty wide. Real was wide. Outside, in the ground like this, just about a small place.
Well, maybe the whole place is heiau. It’s a small place but, when you crawl in there inside, it’s pretty large, pretty wide. I think can go more in, but I never did go more in. At least you can see in.
GF:334 Well, you know, spare time, rainy days. Those days, I used to grow taro, but I don’t grow
that much. I had just small area. Maybe about four or five acres. That’s all.
SU:1528 And then, Andrade, same thing, too. “Andrade Camp.” Mill Camp is “Mill Camp.” Used to
get four teams. One, “Kawai Nui.” Kawai Nui was a small place. But this Mill Camp, we get lot of people down there, so they was the strongest team every time, see.
219 TA:43 Those days, you get lot of Hawaiians too, down here. And not only Hawaiians. Chinese plant
taro. The Filipinos. All kind nationalities used to plant taro. The biggest taro patches mostly all Chinese. They practically lease all the land down here. So the kind land you lease is all, da kine, not so good land.
Even back those days, William Haraguchi, he get big land now. But those days, he had only small place. He goes under Kanekoa but his real name is Haraguchi. His father is Japanese.
TA:54 I don’t know. But eventually, when all these old timers go, I don’t know if these young kids continue planting taro. Like now, I see kind of young, lot of them coming down planting taro. But I don’t
know how long they going continue. Like most of the big farmers are mostly all old guys. William, Toledo, George Farm. Now, George Farm son-in-law working over here on taro. But how long he going
last? Me, I no going live too long too. Anyway, I get only small place.
TA:55 This year, 1978, I didn’t harvest nothing so far. When I start harvesting this year, I think I’m going to harvest only about 60, 70 bags. That’s all. Next year I going get plenty, maybe 300, 400 bags.
Last year I had plenty. So this year I planted so you going to get one 1979 crop. I only get one patch this year to harvest. June sometime, that’s all. I only get small place. If all my patches over here poi taro,
then I get seven patches.
WK:705 Mm. Five hundred people. In a small little place like that.
5.28.3.4 smaw PART There is no direct evidence for the combination of smaw and PART OF in our corpus. The best evidence
I have are near-canonical examples of smaw where pis is arguably definable through PART: AK:628 I said, “You get car, you pick me up after I work.” We go and then Kohala side, down on
the roadside, just before you going get to Puuanahulu one Puuwaawaa. I took him, we pick up one bag, we went to Kohala that same day. So I told him, “When you go, before we go, you got to get a ti root,
one piece of ti root, you know that potato part of the ti root; one small piece ti root. But that medicine get to go with the ti root and the medicine....”
AK:636 Now, with this type of saddle, when we put the leather on, we just one complete leather under here. Go as far as here. Then we get one flat form on top bring down this way. Then you get the
stirrups going down all the way down here. You get all separate pieces. And going be like this. This, no cover. This only one small piece. And if you like cover, they get one whole piece to cover this here. So
that’s why they call this Hawaiian Tree. Cowboy saddle they say. This tree, now, is cost money. Cost lot of money, this thing now.
AK:651 I throw all my grass away. Because, on the side of my place is wide place to throw, eh. I pack and throw. Now, all smooth like this. So you take about good three months before the grass come
up that high. Like, if the grass is this high, no touch because going give you more work because everytime you cut, fall down inside. And the small pieces go in the water, they going grow here and
there. Leave ’em about the grass come about that high.
YA:1025 So everybody plant his own, and make them take their food home, see? The cabbage, da kine any kind. But me, I take home the bag string beans, that’s all. Then, my mother say, “Good. String
bean, good.” They go fry the string bean in the pot. And then, they put pork. You know, pork, eh? Chop up the small pork in small pieces, fry the pork nice and good, eh? Put the string bean inside and fry
’em, fry ’em, till cooked. And then, that’s the kind food we eat, see?
5.28.3.5 I AM smaw There are a significant number of clear canonical examples of smaw combining predicatively with I:
ER:750 Oh, that I don’t know. When I small time, I never hear what he work. I don’t know what
kind job he get. ’Cause that time, us born time, he old man already, all white hair. See, I don’t know about his story.
220
ER:751 Well, when I small time, I look the plantation, they use mule. They no use cow. They use
mule for pull the cane car to the main train track. Sometime they get small one from inside the cane field and they go out, so the train no can go inside, eh. So they bring ’em out to the main track. They come
down the hill, eh. They get brake, yeah, the cane train. So they ride on top and they bring ’em down slowly like that, until they get the main track.
ER:777 Chee, the plantation, I don’t know. I don’t know how much they make. But when they tell
me work for the ranch, I like go, I like cowboy. I like ride horse, ’cause when I small, every time, I like ride horse. Every time, I get chance ride horse, I like ride horse. So that’s what I was doing. When they
bring me over here, cowboy, we go plant grass. Then we go take care the mountain. We take trees every day, we go up the tree. Bumbai every day we go plant trees, my wife brother, he older than us.
ER:777 Well, when I small, I like ride horse. When they been telling me go over here, go plant
grass over here, go up the mountain, and when my cousin tell me, “You gotta go ride horse today,” ho, I no tell no. I like ride horse. Tell me...
NK:944 Machado, yeah. Machado is a old store, that. That’s a old building. Oh, I never remember
before, but I think about, oh, I was small. WK:699 Oh, that, I don’t know. I never make garden, those days. I was still young, small, eh?
WK:703 Yeah. I remember he hoist the Japanese flag up with a big round moon, eh? Oh, yeah. I still remember. I forget what holidays he celebrate. The flag was up with the fish. They get some fish,
no? Yeah, I still remember. I was small yet. I remember that. Yeah. My mother, she knows everything.
YA:1033 Oh, anyway, when you small time, you got to fight for fun, anyhow. No can help, eh? And then, come big, then they know, see? They know each other. Some of them, they used to fight with me.
Oh, I was small time, I think. Oh, about ten, fourteen, twenty years, I think, you know. Small kid like this, eh? And when I was small, all like that, too. We fight, eh? The mother and father take ’em to
Oakland. You know, Portuguese town, eh? Oakland, California.
YA:1058 All down the country. Kualoa. Where the old sugar mill over there, see. My father used to
live.... When I was small time, we used to go down there. Once in a while, go down Waiahole, Waikane, go some friend house, eh? And then, they teach us how to go catch squids in the ocean.
5.28.3.6 YOU ARE smaw There are a few clear canonical examples of smaw combining with the primitive YOU:
MY:1459 So, they had lot of mangoes, and lychees, our side had only common mango. The other side, they had all the good mangoes, like Pirie mango, apple mango, Chinese mango, lychees, spotted
pear. All the good fruits is on the other side. So to get things when you small, you got to go early in the morning. Go over there and go hustle your.... Because they don’t give you, see? ’Cause in the yard, eh?
Because there was one family, one doctor family there. She don’t even wants us kids to stay on the sidewalk to wait for the mango fall down. She said, “Boys, better keep going because not allowed to stay
on the sidewalk.” But we waiting for the mango fall down, eh? That was that, you know.
NC:118 I know when I was a small kid, about six years old and we were working in our farm
together. That’s when I realized rice farmer. All that time, when you small time, you wouldn’t take notice of what the parents doing and all this stuff.
YA:1033 Oh, anyway, when you small time, you got to fight for fun, anyhow. No can help, eh?
And then, come big, then they know, see? They know each other. Some of them, they used to fight with me. Oh, I was small time, I think. Oh, about ten, fourteen, twenty years, I think, you know. Small kid
like this, eh? And when I was small, all like that, too. We fight, eh? The mother and father take ’em to Oakland. You know, Portuguese town, eh? Oakland, California.
5.28.3.7 SOMEONE IS smaw There is a good near-canonical example of predicative smaw and SOMEONE:
221 AK:609 With my father-in-law. I wanted to move because after we got married, I told my wife, “We
might as well go.” But she said she pity the father, Ted was small yet, those days. They were very young, Ted, the other brother over here and one more sister, they were the three last ones in the house.
So she asked me, “well, you might as well stay here, help the father take care the brothers and sister.” I said, “okay.” So we stayed back.
Presumably, Ted can be decomposed as THE PERSON I THINK OF WHEN I SAY ‘ted’. 5.28.3.8 SOMETHING IS smaw
There are a substantial number of non-canonical examples showing predicative smaw combining with SOMETHING:
AK:637 No, no. I never did learn how to make saddle. Saddlemaking, well, maybe anybody can make. But the idea of making saddle is, when you get everything all done like this. Or, you get
everything all completed, and you put on the animal’s back. Some saddles doesn’t fit. You know, some horses, they’re broad, some horses, they small. And then, when you put on horse, like around here, this
place here, it start eating the horse back. Get hurt, eh. Then, maybe the saddle no good, see. Sometimes the saddle glide on the horse neck you know. Even though you get the hinge on. It goes down. But some
saddle doesn’t run, you know. This is my favorite saddle. Lot of people ask me for sell this saddle. I won’t sell ’em the saddle. Very good saddle, this.
FD:273 Mrs. Kaniko, now today, she had her arm dislocated and then I had one brother, you know the bone over here crack, eh? From riding horse, crack over here, and then you can see the bone coming
here. And then she used the same thing, but with jowi. The medicine is jowi. I think you seen this plant, it’s kind of velvet looking, the leaf. It’s not too big, it’s small. Have purple flowers. It’s not the big bush,
you know.
NC:180 Tractor. We have to hire tractor those days, the kine, from Andrade. I don’t have my own
tractor. Like nowadays, I get, but we cannot, uh, our tractor too small. We cannot grade land with it. Ours is just for leveling and tilling and that’s all what we need for now because the patch is already
made. NK:953 Some, you look, they green, you know, when they grow. That’s good coffee. So, they sell
by grade. They grade the coffee. Even like today, they grade the coffee, even the cherry we send. Your cherry small, you get small pay. Your cherry all big, oh, that’s good price, that. You no can tell you
going get 30 one bag or 40 one bag. Because they going send ’em down the mill, and then they going check up what kind of coffee you get, big or small.
SU:1533 So in nineteen.... I think was couple years later, he came out. The whole family came out.
We sold the cane field he had, we sold everything, and he came out. We stay at John ‘Ena Road. But the house was so small, we have to crowd, but can’t help it. So that’s the reason why I leased the property
from Magoon right next to Toma. You know, that fisherman, Toma? Then, I build the house.
5.28.4 Examples of lido
Kategori