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operate. I got to be around with them. If a bomb hit him, he die, I operate ’em. too. I take over, see? Another guy take over like that, you know.
5.40.4 Summary
This investigation found numerous examples of the valence: IF Clause1 Clause2
There are no other valences. The NSM primitive IF is completely unproblematic in HCE. The HCE token if is widespread and there
is no lack of examples of its predicted syntax.
5.41 NOT 5.41.1 Primitive Syntax
NOT combines unrestrictedly with clauses. Therefore, this section looks for examples of negation in all NSM clause types.
5.41.2 HCE Examples
The primary forms we will be considering are: nat non-past, no non-past, neva past, di’n past, and don non-past.
5.41.3 Examples of dondi’n
5.41.3.1 don THINK Although I argued earlier in section 2.7.2.2 that the combination of NOT and THINK should not be a
universal valence, I am including a search for don and THINK for purposes of comparisom since other cross-linguistic NSM investigations would likely include this combination. The following canonical
examples use the form don to negate THINK:
AK:596 I don’t think so. In Waipio, I don’t think that anybody went hungry. I think if he went
hungry, he just too lazy to move around and do it, I think. But if he move around, I think he’s be way ahead.
AK:620 Yeah, lot of outsiders come in; especially when we have luaus, like that Lot of Honokaa guys come down. They really enjoy to come; they like to go down Waipio. As long they hear having
something in Waipio, even the Fourth of July, they always go to Waipio. They don’t think they had to stay up here Honokaa. They rather go Waipio because Waipio is better.
ER:828 No, I don’t think so. Because, those days, if no too much busy on the cowboy, eh, each
cowboy go shoe their own horse. When they no busy go outside, no more job like that, so you go shoe horse.
FD:287 But, to me, I’m getting disgusted. Come, same thing, they say, “Oh, nothing shows on the taro.” I guess maybe the water, or whatever. They take the water, nothing shows the water. The dirt,
nothing. I say that’s the only one thing I do believe. That’s why I tell, “You folks don’t remember that? That’s a saying in the Bible said, ’There’s a day will come, day of starvation.’” And they all look at me. I
think Roy, he’s a minister of this church. I don’t think he will tell you folks this.
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GF:337 No, they don’t have. Those that are single, they stayed single. And then, I don’t think they
care very much for ladies. They think of good times.
MM:334 Well, I don’t think transfer. I think his own will, he came over here, see. It’s not like
some jobs that when they get transferred, the company, where you going to, they furnish all your expenses and everything. But no, in those days, if you like move from one place to another, well, you
gotta see your own transportation, everything. So it’s hard. And then, not only that. They never get truck or anything. You know, the small little carriage? So, big family, how many trips you gotta go back and
forth. And it’s not near from Lawa‘i Stable to here.
MT:1195 Well, the future can be good if they lick this disease problem. It can be real profitable, it’s
a future to stay. It’s to stay. But, as I say, if they don’t get this problem controlled, I don’t think it’ll be here.
MY:1469 Ah, but most of the teahouses was on the other side, no? John ‘Ena Road side. On our
side, I don’t think you had teahouses. NC:167 Yeah. Only short while. Only when she run short. I don’t think it’s more than six months.
Every time when she run short, she call me up and she want so many bags. OC:14 But anyway, they say they hate to touch me but they say, “Some teacher reported that you
throw stones at mango, but even I don’t think it but I have to do it just for the reason that report. I have to do it.”
SU:1568 Let’s see, Angel Maehara quit. I think right now, used to be Columbia Inn, but Columbia
Inn I don’t think so they go that far, I think. Because my customers went to Columbia Inn, you know, most of them.
TA:54 You folks went walking around. You can see the taro patch that gave up. You see all kind trees growing inside already. So, I don’t know. Maybe 25 or 35 years from now, I don’t know if anybody
would be planting taro. And about 25 years from today, all these kids going be more smart than what they graduating now from high school. And I don’t think they come down here plant taro. I know my
kids won’t come down here. I know that.
YA:1022 Well, I believe, I think so, but they no tell me yes or no. You know, could be, eh? I don’t think about they no believe me, but when they heard, they say that to me. One man tell me–one fella
that I told him, I don’t know, when I was kinda old man already. Forty, fifty years old already. He tell me, “You sure you saw a menehune?”
5.41.3.2 dondi’n WANT Although I have argued elsewhere in section 2.7.2.2 that WANT does not universally allow for
negation, I have included it in this survey to facilitate comparisom with other cross-linguistic NSM investigations. The following canonical examples use the form dondi’n to negate WANT:
AK:594 I wanted to pay but they don’t want me to pay. But, whatever I work and I get something,
I give them to buy some food. You know, stuff, whatever they like to buy.
FD:265 No way. Maybe, some people they have da kine medicine. I don’t want to ruin myself. GF:339 Yeah. I don’t know so much about that. I wasn’t in that co-op. I don’t want to be bound to
nobody. I wanted to be free. JB:62 But because I have to, of this rough life that we have, and I have to quit school to take care
of my poor brothers and, I didn’t have sisters at the time. I only had my brother. And to be honest, I didn’t know about changing baby diapers and sewing clothes. The reason I don’t want to say it much,
because I felt so sorry of how we used to live. Pretty rough. Sometimes, I talk to people and they see me having a tears out. They know that I went through that rough life that nobody did go through the rough
life.
JL:21 No, I don’t smoke. But I didn’t like stay up dere, see. I no wanna stay. Only me da Hawaiian
boy, might catch hell wid da odda men.
KE:139 An-an dead man on da riverbank didn’t like to go to bed.
311 MT:1167 Actually, there’s a lot of family operation in Waipio Valley. Mostly is all cousins, uncles,
and, you know. Maybe they don’t want to fight each other, so they kind of stick together. But if they have somebody in their group who represents them, they 100 percent behind them. We had the
associations down here, three different associations, till last year. Everything failed. Why? That’s the question.
MY:1483 Yeah. And then, I couldn’t get retired. ’Cause the boss don’t want to let me go. He tell
me, “No. You come one week, only two weeks, all right, you work for me. You come half day all right.” All conditions, he gave me. But my wife tell me, “Like you, you go inside one time, once you get inside,
you no can come home already because you get your customers, you going to take care.” NC:148 No. They don’t bring. One fella come relieve you. You go home, eat then you come back
again. Because those days we don’t like eat cold food, eh. Not like nowdays, all cold lunch. Before always home lunch, warm food.
OC:10 Yes, that business was a partnership and then come in later on, not making money so
everybody didn’t want to own anything. SU:1531 Yeah. If you don’t want to pay.... Because those days, no more money. But the guy used
to make money. Because everybody come.
TA:38 No, he don’t tell the Chinese. He talk to the farmers. Trying to get their taro. But he didn’t want to take ’em all. Just so much for each order go out. They were selling to the Chinese folks too, eh?
WK:715 No, she was Honolulu. My uncle was taking care the Waipio land, so my uncle finally up,
Harrison’s father. My mother tell me, “Eh, uncle going give up so you go back.” “Eh, I don’t want to go back. I got my job. Fireman steady. eh?” She said, “No, put the land all on top you. You go back.” “No, I
no like verbal, you know. How you going put on me? You going will? No.” She said, “I go will on you?” “I go buy from you.” I told my mother. I buy ’em 1 and love.
YA:1038 Yeah. After that, I went downtown again, Honolulu again, with my brother, see? Then my brother see all da kine ghost stuff on the papaya tree. The horse no like go, eh? You remember? The
horse don’t want to go, you know.
5.41.3.3 dondi’n KNOW The following canonical examples use the form dondi’n to negate KNOW:
AK:638 I don’t know if you’ve been down there. To show you, above the school, further up the
other side, toward the beach.
BB:015 Yea, because you know, I don’t know why but, wha-tyou-call maybe they have a club and
they still work. They say the Japanese grave the cleanest grave among all the Christians, the Mormons and all kinds. The Japanese grave the cleanest.
EB:1137 Oh, my father, he say, “Waialua is good.” But no, no. My father, he was sick in the
hospital. He was sick, then he wen go to the hospital. And stay there about–oh, too many–I don’t know how many months he stay. And then, the company bin send him to the Philippine. See? Because about
his sickness. So, they send him to the Philippine.
ER:873 We take hospital, but they no can do nothing already, too late. I don’t know what wen
happen. FD:277 I don’t know. Because I was adopted from my grandmother. And her name is Kaiawe. but I
didn’t know who was her English name but she married to the Mock Chew man, you know, what you call that already?
GF:339 I don’t know anything about it. They always been fighting. Fighting among themselves. I
never attended one meeting. JB:72 Right, right. The school is on the back. But not anymore. Because it’s all covered up and
maybe it’s all broken down. And then, when we come on the night of Saturday, that place is packed. You don’t know where the people come from. That’s how we had the party. And I really enjoyed it.
312 JL:15 Well, firs we went in Schofield. We stayed dere; we didn’t go to the war. Then pau the war. I
was undah – I didn’t know he was goin’ com govanah – stainback. I was orderly for him. MM:339 I don’t know if you know who Shigeru is. Matsumoto.
MT:1181 I don’t know what you mean, “method.” I get spacing, in a sense. MY:1471 I don’t know if this was the Daisy or not, but there was one elephant. But maybe the first
one, I think, they killed because she wen injure somebody, you know, one time.
NC:137 They get mat. Only mat, you know? I don’t know how they can sleep. NK:946 No, Kaloku. Kaloku told him, “Go Honolulu and get the paper.” He said, “He mau kala no
kela.” He said that’s money for him to spend. He had to go and pay. You know, he don’t know how much he had to pay. And when he first paid his tax, was cost three dollars only.
OC:7 In those days, when I was fourteen years old we don’t know how to count the money and all
that thing there, so.
SU:1572 Saboten is big leaf like that with lot of thorns on. Yeah. I don’t know what they call in English, though, that. Big difference.
TA:51 Nothing. They don’t know how to get rid of ’em. WK:695 No, not exactly. My father died when I was only 11 years old, and I know my mother told
me he came from Fukuoka, Japan. I don’t know where is that place. Maybe I go now, I going see, eh? We going, eh?
YA:1069 Oh, maybe couple months ago, I think. Then, I run up the corner. I look where the fire is. I didn’t know was a fire right in the back of the house.
MT:1166 Well, it’s hard to say. At present, it’s very hard to say. Everything is all closed up, enclosed already. Manpower is out of the question. Manpower maybe only can cut the trees on the sides.
But what about that material in the stream. Which is, you know, the gravel is piled up to meet the banks, the original taro patch banks. You know, it’s gradually coming up. Some people say the State supposed
to own the rivers. I really do not know if they really interested about it.
5.41.3.4 don FEEL The following canonical examples use the form don to negate FEEL:
FD:291 I don’t know. They not here with us. That’s why I tell them, “Don’t feel hurt when you
folks hear somebody is taking over the place.” Because I can still put somebody on take care and still we can have share. But I figure, if we put on you or whoever, because I have my two sons here near to me,
and my two son-in-laws. I know they are willing, but I look first at mine instead I... MT:1175 Kind of hard to say on figures, because quite some time ago. Before, we used to just fill
the bags till it’s ears – we call that “ear” on the top where you hold it. I made pretty good, actually. But the poi shop was gaining because we didn’t know the weight at that time. We didn’t have no scales, see.
Then, when I went into the scales, scaling all my taro and stuff, then I took notice how much I was losing. But actually, at that time, as long as you make money, you don’t feel it. But at present, right
now, every farmer grumbles.
The following canonical examples use the form no to negate FEEL: EB:1140 Then, we come. We ride the Humuula. I don’t know if you remember the Humuula. No
more Humuula. The steamer, the Humuula. The old one. The old Humuula. From Honolulu to Kona. Yeah. Kailua. So, boy, that time. Funny thing is, when I come from the Philippine, come to Honolulu, I
no feel dizzy. But from Honolulu to Kona, oh, just like the house spinning around. Two days, boy.
TA:50 This area, as long as get water in there, not much weeds grow. That’s one thing, you got to be ahead of the weed all the time. Once you leave it, you say, “Ah, tomorrow I go pull.” Tomorrow, that
thing is about a foot long. So my taro patch, I don’t give weed chance. I see couple growing, I just walk in there and throw ’em out. Not like lot of those patches over there. Oh boy, you need hunting dog for
find taro. When you go make huli, you see plenty grass in the taro bed, you no feel like go pull over there.
313 5.41.3.5 dondi’n SAY
The following canonical examples use the form dondi’n to negate SAY: AK:595 Hard, no more work. Like no more money to buy anything so they had to weave hat. I
almost start weaving hat, you know. When we were going school, a friend of mines smokes, wanted to go school, and he has no money, he asked me for money so I lend him some money. And then one time
he didn’t tell me that he was learning how. The sister showed him how to weave hat. So one night I went over the house without him knowing, I caught him weaving hat. So I asked him, “What you doing
this for?” “You know I get no money, I like buy cigarette. I sell one hat, I can get cigarette.”
AK:631 Like now, if you are sick, you had to forgive. You don’t tell me what kind of trouble you
have if I’m the one to come to help you. All what you do is you forgive yourself to the Lord, or something like that. Then when you clear yourself, then I give you the medicine, the medicine works
right. Smoothly. But if you wrong, anything no can, eh? It’s a belief that you had to think to it.
GF:307 Yeah. You know Chinese, they match-make, eh? So, he didn’t tell me that. He brag, he tell
plenty people that. So, of course, Waipio had school, before they had school dances sometime, socials. And I like to dance, ballroom dancing. I like that; so, we used to go. You putting that down too?
OC:9 I know the newspaper and I know the value of that land they get there, the big building–the Advertiser. When come to business, good–better; they sold that–I think their stock went up to seventeen,
eighteen dollars and all my friends sold it to somebody else. They didn’t tell me, see, but I told them before, “If you want to sell, tell me so I can get the money. I know how to go and borrow money from
the bank.”
SU:1531 Yeah. He don’t tell you how much, you know. You pay so much. That’s all. If you can
afford two dollars, you pay two dollars. SU:1554 They work overtime, so you charge them. They never say a word. All they need is food,
those guys. Thanksgiving time come, turkey, we used to roast about ten, fifteen. From night before, we roast. Otherwise, cannot keep up, eh? And we charge five, six dollars, serving. They don’t say nothing.
By the time they drink and everything, pay about seven dollars, eight dollars, they pay. The girls used to make lot of tips. Lot of girls used to make lot of tips.
WK:694 She never tell me what kind aumakua. She didn’t say what kind aumakua. But there’s all
kind different aumakua, Hawaiians, they believe. Certain people, they believe. Like ours is alii, see. And the other one is akualele. Akualele is if you do wrong and you and I have a quarrel, a fight, eh? So I send
my god to hurt you. They call that akualele.
5.41.3.6 dondi’n DO The following canonical examples use the form dondi’n to negate DO:
AK:614 It was before I got there. When I got there, they didn’t do that any more. I learned little bit
of the Hawaiian dance when I was in Kona. I did go in the class, we went up dance. GF:325 No, sugar company get nothing to do. But sometimes the farmers, they not so good to one
another. Especially, like Toledo, eh? He go in the river, he dredge the river. He damage other people’s property. Toledo did that to me lot of times, though. But I didn’t do anything to him. That’s up to him.
JB:61 Well, when you don’t do your lessons right, you not interested, he pound you on the wall.
That’s the kind of life we went through.
MM:338 No, no. My mother didn’t do that. That was kinda later on when they had kinda lot of
Filipinos already here. When we moved here, you know. MT:1165 So I’m trying to get a grading permit, actually, to go in and restore the bank again, which
was lost. I had lawyers and everything out here already. Honestly. Which, other people are squawking because they say I’m diverting the water, which I’m not. I’m just trying to keep my banks in line.
Because the gravel goes down and plugs somebody else’s, fault is not my fault; that’s act of God thing,
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now. The floods come in and take that material down to someone else’s place, and if they don’t do nothing about it, well that’s their fault. But they trying to but the blame on me, right now.
NC:187 That thing doesn’t work. You know I get some now, the one I harvesting. We didn’t do
crops for two years, a little more, three years. We didn’t plant anything. And then we work on it. It still get sick. They say we didn’t rest the land. I say, “It’s been over two years and not been used. How do you
account for that?” You know, the University guys, they cannot tell me. They came up and one of them is a doctor a Filipino doctor
WK:694 Well, she say, “Son, if I was you, don’t do anything to hurt other people. Just ask them for
forgiveness.” She always believe in church work too, you see. “When other people hurt you, you just forgive them for their wrong doing, whatever they do wrong. Just forgive them, that’s all. Let God take
care the rest.”
YA:1052 Not, I didn’t do it. I just only go together with the gang. WK:700 Our assignment is. My grandfather used to tell me, “Eh, after school you come back, eh.
Go do your job, you know. Before you go play, you do your job.” And they very strict about it. “And then, if you don’t do ’em, you won’t have no supper, you know.”
5.41.4 Examples of no
