Learner Characteristics Research and Information Collecting

98 The answers from the open-ended questionnaire above indicate that the students expected materials that contain practical activities. The practical activities are in form of real practice and conversation. Therefore, as the implication, the materials would consist of conversation and practice. These activities would also train the students’ speaking ability as well. To conclude those four themes extracted from the open-ended questionnaires above, some implications can be used as the guideline to design the materials. The implications are as follows: 1 The materials would use a communicative approach. 2 The focus of the materials would be more on speaking ability, yet still integrating English four skills. 3 The micro skills of English skills would be considered in the materials. 2 Team M embers’ Perceptions toward the Importance of English Skills This topic was a part of the questionnaire whose type was mini Likert scale. By so, team members could decide which one becomes the most important skill, whether it is reading, writing, listening, or speaking skill. The following table shows the results of the descriptive statistics analysis. Table 4.3. The Descriptive Statistics Analysis of Likert Scale toward the Importance of English Skills 99 From the table above, the most important skill was speaking skill with the total mean score is 4.62. The second position was taken by listening skill, which is 4.57. Then, reading skill got 4.14. The last one is writing skill, which is 3.86. It can be said that from this kind of question, speaking skill is still considered as the most important one than the others. As the implication, the materials will consider this statistical results as a guideline to arrange the portion of the activities of English four skills. 3 Team Members’ Perceptions toward the reasons behind their needs about reading, writing, listening, and speaking skill. Some questions in the questionnaire were about to obtain team members’ perceptions toward the reasons in using four English skills. The questions were divided into four into reading, writing, listening, and speaking skill. Furthermore, the following section will discuss about the results of each English skill. Firstly, the following figure will be about the results of expected activities in reading skill. Figure 4.1. Team Members’ Preferences on Reading Skill 6 2 8 12 3 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 P arti cip an t Team Members Preferences on Reading Skill Reading wedding rundown Reading wedding articles Reading wedding terms Reading wedding contract Others 100 From the figure above, the reading activities that are related to organize wedding can be classified into reading wedding rundown, wedding articles, wedding terms, wedding contract, and others. The meaning of others here was written by the team members to show that all choices are correct. Furthermore, reading wedding contract was considered as the most prefered choice as becoming a reading activity 12, which was followed by reading wedding terms 8, reading wedding rundown 6, others all choices are correct 3, and reading wedding articles 2. Secondly, the second question was about some alternative writing activities. The activities covered writing wedding rundown, wedding contract, wedding concepts, wedding vendors’ description, and others. Moreover, the word others here represented that all choices were chosen. Figure 4.2. Team Members’ Preferences on Writing Skill By looking at the figure above, the highest position was taken by an activity to write wedding contract 10. After that, the next positions followed are 7 10 7 8 3 2 4 6 8 10 12 P ar ti cipant Team Members Preferences on Writing Skill Writing wedding rundown Writing wedding contract Writing wedding concepts Writing wedding vendors description Others 101 writing wedding vendors’ descriptions 8, writing wedding rundown 7, writing wedding concepts 7, and others 3. Thirdly, the topic was about team members’ preferences in choosing listening activity. Some options provided were listening to clients’ demands and requests, audio learning sources, and others. Figure 4.3. Team Members’ Preferences on Listening Skill The figure above shows that most of team members agreed to have a listening activity related to recognizing clients’ demands and requests 17. Then, listening to audio learning sources was 4 and the rest of the votes were for others 3. Looking for team members’ preferences in speaking skill became the last topic in this section of the questionnaire. The activities offered were answering clients’ questions, delivering a presentation about wedding concept, persuading clients, asking and giving opinion, descriving wedding vendors, and others. 17 4 3 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 P ar ti ci pant Team Members Preferences on Listening Skill Listening to clients demands and requests Listening to audio learning sources Others 102 Figure 4.4 . Team Members’ Preferences on Speaking Skill By looking at the figure above, delivering a presentation about wedding concept got the highest position with 10 votes. The following activities based on the order of the votes were answerinf clients’ questions 9, asking and giving opinion 9, persuading clients 5, describing wedding vendors 4, and others 3. As the implication of this data analysis technique, the materials would consider the highest points of each English skill to be the focus. However, considering other activities would be done also if possible, related to the classroom situation, activities, and times. The discussion above is mostly about the characteristics of the members of seven wedding organizers being researched. Meanwhile, related to the characteristics of the members of Denaya Production as the major subject of this research, the perceptive data from the interview results indicated that their English level were still in basic. 9 10 5 9 4 3 2 4 6 8 10 12 P ar ti ci p an t Team Members Preferences on Speaking Skill Answering clients questions Delivering a presentation about wedding concept Persuading clients Asking and giving opinion Describing wedding vendors Others 103 So, we are in team. When we deal with foreign clients, there is a member who is in charge to communicate with the foreign clients due to his better English competence. Adit, his name is Adit, does not work here anymore. Therefore our team member find difficulty in communicating with foreign clients as our English competence is still basic or low . We then ask for help from our friend, who is not included as our team member, whose English is good. He then helps us communicate with the foreign clients On translation; G Ie 14; page 243 From the interview part above, it can be seen that the team members of Denaya Production felt that their English proficiency was still basic. Referring to Common European Framework of Reference CEFR, the category of basic is classified into the following: Global Basic User A1: Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce himherself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where heshe lives, people heshe knows and things heshe has. Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help p. 5. Later, their perception on their English competence was supported by the results of the pre-test. Furthermore, to be included in the research and English program, there were only four team members to be students. These four members were claimed as the main team members, as they are the ones who are always in charge in every wedding event. When the wedding event they conduct is considered as bigger than usual which needs more people as the team, they will hire other people. Yet, basically, the main team of Denaya Production only consists of four members. Therefore, the fact that there were only four students was considered as one of the limitation of this research. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 104

c. The Guidelines for Materials Design

To conclude this step of research and information collecting, data that were already obtained were through interview and survey. To get the need analysis to design the materials, this section combined the results of interview and survey. Therefore, the guidelines to design the materials can be seen as follows: 1 The materials would be really needed and required in the workplace, particularly on wedding organization. 2 The materials would integrate all four English skills. Moreover, speaking skill would take more portion or role than other skills. 3 The materials would apply communicative teaching and learning approach. 4 The micro skills of English skills would be considered as basic input in the materials.

2. Planning

In this second step of RD, planning already went into the process of designing the materials. The processes needed in planning would deal with task analysis, instructional objectives, content sequencing, instructional strategies, planning and project management, and formative evaluation.

a. Instructional Objectives

This part discusses three kinds of instructional objectives, namely 1 general goal, 2 specific goals, and 3 goals per unit. Firstly, the general goal of the designed materials is as follows. Students are able to communicate in English concerning wedding organization. 105 Secondly, to be more specific, the general goal above was divided into four specific goals, based on four English skills. Therefore, the specific goals of the designed materials are that students are able to: 1 Speak about things about wedding organization delivering presentation, asking and giving opinion, and persuading clients. 2 Write some texts needed in wedding organization writing wedding contract, wedding brochure, and brainstorming of ideas. 3 Read passages related to wedding organization particularly to comprehend wedding articles, wedding contract, and menu. 4 Listen to audio related to wedding organization monologue, dialogue, presentation, and discussion. Thirdly, the four specific goals would cover learning indicators of every unit. Furthermore, the availability of the goals per unit would be discussed in the next process.

b. Task Analysis

This process dealt with gathering contents of the materials. Through library study done previously, some appropriate knowledge were obtained to be put in the materials. Furthermore, dealing with the stakeholders of the wedding organizers through some sections of interview has enlightened the researcher also to arrange such contents of the materials. Trying to relate the goals of the materials, the learning process was arranged based on the implementation of task-based learning framework. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 106 Furthemore, the contents of the materials were obtained from the library research, as well as the results of the interviews that were conducted in research and information collecting. The arrangement of goal, process, and contents was used as the conceptual model of the English materials for wedding organizers. Firstly, the general goal of the materials is that the students are able to communicate in English concerning wedding organization. The general goal was then specifically related to English four skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing skill. Secondly, as the results of the implementation of task-based learning, there are five phases to be put in each unit. They are Let’s Begin, Let’s Prepare, Let’s Do It, Let’s Learn, and Let’s Reflect. Thirdly, in conten, the materials would consist of seven units. The units are about wedding organizerplanner, wedding structure, wedding vendors, persuading clients, handling clients, wedding contract, and wedding execution. The units dealt with a complete process in wedding organization. It was starting from meeting with clients for the first time up to wedding execution. The following table represents the conceptual model of the English materials for wedding organizers. 107 Table 4.4. The Conceptual Model of the English for Wedding Organizers Goal Process Content General goal: Students are able to communicate in English concerning wedding organization. Specific goals: Students are able to: 1. Listen to things related to wedding organization monologue, dialogue, presentation, and discussion. 2. Speak about things about wedding organization delivering presentation, asking giving opinion, and persuading clients. 3. Read passages related to wedding organization particularly to comprehend wedding articles, wedding contract, and menu. 4. Write some texts needed in wedding organization writing wedding contract, wedding brochure, and brainstorming of ideas. The proces s in each chapter follows Willlis’s Task-Based Learning Framework:

1. Let’s Begin

In this phase, the students are invited to start learning the topic by identifying the pictures as well sa recalling their prior knowledge related to the topic. This phase mostly asks for individual’s contribution which later becomes classroom discussion.

2. Let’s Prepare

In this phase, the students will be given input of related topics. The input can be videos, reading passages, listening passages, or songs. The students will discuss the given input afterwards through some related questions which are discussed with their partenr or work in pair.

3. Let’s Do It

This phase contains the biggest project or task of the unit since the tasks given will be done in group. Mostly it will be about group’s performance which has longer preparation than preparation in other tasks.

4. Let’s Learn

The students will receive another input in this phase which more focus on grammar point that is used to complete the target of the topic in each unit. Related tasks are provided also after they learn the grammar point as the language focus.

5. Let’s Reflect

This is the phase in which the students will share their reflection through the teaching-learning process that has been through and relate them with their lives. Unit 1: Wedding OrganizerPlanner The history of the wedding planner Top wedding planner skills Argumentative Text Type Asking and Giving Opinion Simple Perfect Tense or Simple Past Tense Unit 2: Wedding Structure The structure of the wedding Pre-ceremony Whilst ceremony Post-ceremony Descriptive Text Unit 3: Wedding Vendors Vendors needed in wedding ceremony Contacting wedding vendors How to work with the wedding caterer Simple Present Tense Unit 4: Persuading Clients Wedding brochure Getting a big deal Persuasive Text Agreement and Disagreement Unit 5: Handling Clients Plan a wedding reception menu with your clients Simple Future Tense Unit 6: Wedding Contract Wedding planner contract guide Creating a wedding contract Creating a wedding budget Business Letters Subject-Verb Agreement Unit 7: Wedding Execution Rundown of the wedding reception Giving directions in the reception Temporal Conjunctions 108 Furthermore, the contents as well as unit division of the materials were arranged from the components that were gathered in the interview transcripts or results. The components deal with wedding organization in general, as well as the English contents that can be suited with the wedding organization. Meanwhile, the units of the materials already contained the fixed contents extracted from the components in a more concrete way. It can be seen from the following table. Table 4.5. Lists of the Components and Units of the Materials Components Units 1. General wedding structure 2. Wedding ceremony 3. Describing texts describing vendors, concepts, events or wedding tools 4. Giving and asking opinion 5. Giving directions 6. Negotiation meaning 7. Persuading clients 8. Explainingdelivering presentation of the wedding concept 9. Dealing with cost in wedding contract 10. Dealing with rundown of the wedding order of events 11. Giving directions 12. Grammar 13. 5W1H 14. Vocabulary 15. Pronunciation 16. Speaking skill both as the manager and the member of the WO. 17. Listening skill 18. Reading skill 19. Writing skill Unit 1: Wedding Planner Experiences in planning wedding Top wedding planner skills Argumentative text type Asking and giving opinion Simple perfect tense or simple past tense Unit 2: Wedding Structure Structure of the wedding Pre-ceremony Whilst ceremony Post-ceremony Descriptive text Unit 3: Wedding Vendors Vendors needed in wedding ceremony Contacting wedding vendors How to work with the wedding caterer Simple present tense Unit 4: Persuading Clients Wedding brochure Getting a big deal Persuasive text Agreement and disagreement expressions Unit 5: Handling Clients Plan a wedding reception menu with your clients Simple future tense Unit 6: Wedding Contract Wedding planner contract guide Creating a wedding contract Creating a wedding budget Business letters Subject-verb agreement Unit 7: Wedding Execution Rundown of the wedding reception