e. Techniques of Learning Media Usage
According to Daryanto 2010: 114-117 techniques of learning media usage divided into two:
1 Media usage based on place
a Usage in classroom
In this technique, media use to support the objectives achievement and media will be combined with learning process in
classroom situation. The most important is media will be presented in classrooms where teachers and students will interact directly.
b Usage in outside classroom
Media that is used outside classroom are not directly controlled by teacher or through controlled by parents.
2 Various media usage
a Media can be used by personal
Media can be used by a person or it called individual learning, a lot of media designed for use by individuals. This media
usually are equipped by usage instructions so people can use it independently. It means that people are not need to ask other
people about how to use it. b
Media can be used by group Learning can take place with considerable number of
students or as group. Media is designed to be used by groups also need manual book. This manual book is usually directed to group
leaders or teacher. The advantages of learning using media in a group is group can do discussion of material being studied.
f. Media Selection Criteria
Media was held in order to facilitate learning goals achievement. Applicative level of media becomes something concern. Therefore, there
is basic consideration or criteria of media selection for learning needs. Sadiman 2009: 85 suggested practical consideration of media
selection such as: relevance of media to learning objectives, the availability of information about these media, whether or not the review by
potential users of media, and the availability of validated media. While for media selection criteria, Sadiman 2009: 85 argued that there are several
factors to consider such as instructional objectives to be achieved, the characteristics of students, learning strategies, time allocation, etc. Dick
and Carey 1978 in Arief S. Sadiman 2009: 86 revealed that except conformity with objective of learning behavior, there are four factors in
media selection, i.e.: availability factor of media sources whether it should be bought and so on, availability factor of labor and facilities if the
media needs to be produced, practicality factor, flexibility, media endurance, and availability factor of cost.
Psychologically, the factors should be considered in media selection presented by Arsyad 2011: 72-75 at least include
student’s motivation,
students individual
differences, learning
objectives,
organization of contentmaterials, preparation before student learning, emotion, participation, feedback, reinforcement, practice and repetition,
and also implementation. On the other hand, Arsyad mentioned several factors that need to be considered such as resistances facilities, funding,
and so on; content requirements, tasks, and the type of learning; the student’s resistances; and also other considerations that associated with
effectiveness, capability, and media priority compared to other media. Heinich 1982 in Azhar Arsyad 2011: 67 suggested a step to
selecting media that is more practical refers to media development, with the terms: Analyze learner characteristics, State objective, Select or
modify media, Utilitize, Require learner response, and Evaluate ASSURE. This step is almost similar to the steps by Anderson 1987:
19 in selection of media, includes: 1
Determining whether media will be selected for information objective or learning;
2 Determining how message will be transmitted. Whether media will
become instructor tools or media will enable for independent learning without the presence of an instructor;
3 Choosing media based on selection diagram considering characteristic
of subjects; 4
Reviewing selected media; 5
Doing development testing.
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