Sugiyono Model Game Development Procedures

In this stage, researchers learn about students ’s characteristics, such as: ability, learning motivation, experience background, etc. c Task analysis Teachers analyzing main task that have to control by students, so students can achieve minimum competency. d Concept analysis Analyzing concepts that will be taught, arranging stages that will carried out rationally. e Specifying instructional objectives Writting learning objectives, behavior changing that expected after learning 2 Design In design stage, researchers have been made beginning product prototype or product design. In the context of learning model development, this stage is preparing model conceptual framework and learning devices materials, media, evaluation tools also simulating model usage and learning device in small scope. Before the draft design products continue to next stage, design of products models, textbooks, etc. need to be validated. Based on validation results, there is possibility that product design still needs to be improved in accordance with validator suggestion. 3 Develop In context of learning model development, development activities develop is conducted with the following steps: a Model validation by expertsspecialists, matter are validated include the use of model guidelines and learning model devices. An expert team who are involved in validation process consists of: learning technology experts, subject experts, learning outcomes evaluation experts. b Model revision based on suggestion from the experts at validation c Limited test of learning in classroom, according the real situation that will be faced. d Model revision based on test results e Implementation of model in a wide area. During implementation process, the effectiveness of model and developed model device will be tested. The effectiveness testing can be conducted with experiments or Classroom Action Research CAR. 4 Disseminate Dissemination stage is conducted by socialization of teaching materials through limited distribution for teachers and students. This distribution is intended to obtain a response, feedback on teaching materials that have been developed. If response of teaching materials user target has been good, so it is conducted printing in large quantities and it is neccesary to build marketing in order to teaching materials will be used by user widely.

e. Jolly and Bolitho Model

Jolly dan Bolitho in Emzir 2012: 277 presented stages of development procedures are as follows: 1 Identification, identification by teacher or learners of a need to fullfil or a problem to solve by the creation of materials. 2 Exploration, exploration of the area of needproblem in term of what language, what meaning, what functions, what skill, etc. 3 Contextual realization, contextual realization of proposed new materials by the finding of suitable ideas, contexts or texts with which to work. 4 Pedagogical realization, pedagogical realization of material by the finding of appropriate exercises and activities and the writing of appropriate instructions for use. 5 Physical production, physical production of materials, involving consideration of lay out, type size, visuals, reproduction, tape length, etc. 6 Use, use of materials by students. 7 Evaluation, evaluation of materials against agreed objectives. This research is using ADDIE development procedure. ADDIE is an acronym for Analysis, Design, Development or Production, Implementation and Evaluations. According to Emzir 2012: 275 model of research and development system designed by Walter Dick and Lou Carey is the most widely used models. ADDIE development procedures is using in this research