Definitions of Terms INTRODUCTION
of the literature review Gall, 1983: 777-778. Those all information becomes the basis to develop educational product.
b. Planning
According to Gall 1983: 775, in this step the designer starts to describe the skills, course objectives, course sequence, and small scale testing. The most
important aspect of planning is defining the objectives that would to be achieved by the product. The objectives also provide the basis for developing instructional
program because the program can be assessed and revised until it meets the objectives. The objectives should be formulated in terms of rank behaviors and
evaluated on the basis of their success in bringing about these rank behaviors Gall, 1983: 779-781.
c. Developing Preliminary Form of Product
This step includes preparation of instructional materials, handbooks, and evaluation devices Gall, 1983: 775. The procedure of developing the product has
many variations depending on the nature of the product. Moreover, Gall 1983: 781 states that one essential point that must be kept is that the developer should
attempt from the beginning to develop products that are completely ready to apply in the schools.
d. Preliminary Field Testing
In the fourth step, the designer conducts the product in 1-3 schools by using 6-12 subjects of the product. The designer also collects the data through
interview, observation, or questionnaires and then analyzes them Gall, 1983: 775. Moreover, Gall 1983: 782 states that the aim of preliminary field testing is
to gather initial qualitative evaluation of the designed product. He adds that in all stages of RD cycle requires product evaluation since it is essential to set up
similar setting to those where the product will be used. e.
Main Product Revision In this step, the designer revises the product based on the evaluation and
suggestion from the data of Preliminary Field Testing Gall, 1983: 775. f.
Main Field Testing Gall 1983: 775 states that in this step the designer conducts the revised
product in 5-15 schools with 30-100 subjects of the product. The data of subjects’ course performance are gathered in a form of quantitative data. Furthermore, the
aims of main field testing are to verify that the product meets its goals and to obtain information to revise the product Gall, 1983: 783-784. In this step, the
data should be obtained from all participants of the field testing. g.
Operational Product Revision In this step, the designer revises the product based on the result of the data
which is collected from Main Field Testing Gall, 1983: 775. h.
Operational Field Testing According to Gall 1983: 775, this step involves conducting the revised
product in 10-30 schools with 40-200 subjects. The aim of this step is to make sure that the product is completely ready to use in the schools by teachers
themselves. Therefore, Gall 1983: 784 states that the package of product must be completed and tested in every part. The interview, observation and
questionnaires are used to collect the data. The data, then, is analyzed to determine whether the course package is complete Gall 1983: 784-786.
i. Final Product Revision
The last revision is conducted based on the result of data analysis in Operational Field Testing. The final version revision for the complete package of
product is carried out after the data from the operational field test have been analyzed Gall, 1983: 786.
j. Dissemination and Implementation
Gall 1983: 786 states that this last step is the technique to adjust the cost of the product developing process by operating effective dissemination and
implementation the product to the intended users. Moreover, dissemination is the process of facilitating potential user to be interested in the product, while
implementation is the process of helping the user to carry out the product in the means intended by the developer Gall, 1983: 786.
The RD cycle theory is included as the methodology of this study. In this study, the writer adapted the six steps of RD cycle. The detailed description of
the six steps can be seen in the theoretical framework.