15
ESP. In this part, the writer would like to discuss some theories, concerning the classification of ESP and needs analysis. By discussing those theories, the writer
would like to give a view that English for homestay hosts of Desa Wisata Kembang Arum
is a part of ESP.
a. The Classification of ESP
ESP is defined as an approach rather than a product to language learning Hutchinson and Waters, 1994: 16. Hutchinson and Waters 1994: 16 proposed
two categorizations of ESP. The categorizations are based on the general nature of the learners’ purpose and learners’ specialism. The explanation of the two
categorizations would be explained as follows. 1 On the learners’ specialism
Based on the learners’ specialism, ESP is divided into three main categories. They are usually known as English for Science and Technology
EST, English for Business and Economics EBE, and English for Social Sciences ESS.
2 On the Learners’ purpose Based on the learners’ purpose, Hutchinson and Waters 1994: 16 divide
ESP into two main types. The first type is English for Academic Purpose EAP that is the purpose of learning English is for study. The examples of it
are English for medical studies, English for economics, English for psychology, etc. The second type is English for Occupational Purposes EOP.
The purpose of EOP is learning English is for work. English for technicians,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16
English for secretaries, and English for hosts of homestay are examples of
EOP.
We can see the branches of English Language Teaching as follows.
English Language Teaching ELT
English as a Mother Tongue EMT
English as a Foreign Language EFL
English as a Second Language ESL
General English GE
English for Specific Purposes ESP
English for Academic Purposes EAP
English for Occupational Purposes EOP
English for Hosts of the Homestay
Figure: 2.3. The Branches of ELT Hutchinson and Waters, 1994: 17
b. Needs Analysis
Needs analysis is an important characteristic feature in ESP course. According to Hutchinson and Waters 1994: 53, what distinguishes ESP from
general English is not the existence of a need such as but rather an awareness of the needs. They add that this awareness will influence on what will be accepted as
reasonable content in the language course, and on the positive side, what potential can be exploited. It is clear that needs analysis is very important in differentiating
ESP form general English. Hutchinson and Waters 1994 differentiate needs into two parts. They are
target needs and learning needs.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17
1 Target Needs Target needs refer to what the learners need to do in target situation in
terms of necessities, lacks, and wants. a Necessities
Necessities are determined by the demand of the target situation, that is, what the learners have to know in order to function effectively in the
target situation. b Lacks
It is necessary to recognize what the learners know already before designing the materials. Knowing what the learners know already can show
the lacks of the learners. The gap between the target proficiency and the existing proficiency of the learners can be referred as the learners’ lacks.
c Wants Wants refers to subjective images of needs on the basis of data
relating to themselves and environment. It is necessary for course designer to know about the learners’ wants.
To gather information about the target needs, the course designers may use many ways, such as questionnaire, interview, observation, data collection
and others. In gathering the information, it is possible to use more than one method to gather the information.
2 Learning needs According to Hutchinson and Waters, learning needs are defined as what
the learners need to do in order to learn. They use analogy of the ESP course as
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
a journey, lacks as the starting point, necessities as the destination, and wants also as the destination. To go from the starting point to the destination, we need
vehicle. The learning needs are considered as the vehicle. Since this program deals with speaking skill which is needed in the
homestay, the writer chooses a program based on specific needs of the learners, which is known as English for Specific Purpose ESP. Therefore, the writer
designs the materials based on the homestay hosts’ needs. The purpose of the program is to improve learners’ speaking skill to be used to communicate with the
guests when serving them.
3. Syllabus
