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g. Symbol. For example traffic sign, music notations, avatar, pictograph etc.
Symbols are visual tools that are used to represent ideas, concept, or other abstractions. Avatar can be used to represent human and pictograph can be
used to represent chat and maps.
Figure 2.13 Examples of avatar, pictograph and music notes
4. Task-based Learning
In this study, the writer combines the infographic supplementary material with one of the learning techniques. The writer used task-based learning in this
study and made the infographic in a form of book to make the students easier to learn English. In this discussion, the writer divided the explanation into two parts.
a. The Meaning of Task-based Learning.
As stated by Nunan 2004, the concept of the task has become important in the syllabus design, classroom teaching, and learner assessment. The task-based
learning is aimed to provide the students with the natural concept in learning. By using the task-based learning, the students are expected to increase they
knowledge in learning a process and can also make a good interaction with others in order to develop their language skills.
28 In the task-based learning, the term of task as the main focus of the
learning process is important. Long 1985 said that the term of the tasks that is used in task-based are based on everything that people do in everyday life
activities as cited in Nunan 2004, p.2. Richards, et al, 1986 added that the task may or may not involve the production of the language. The use of various kinds
of activity in task-based learning is to make it more communicative in the learning process as cited in Nunan, 2004, p. 2.
b. The Framework of the Task-Based Learning
In task-based learning, the daily activities that we do are transformed into tasks in language learning process. The focused of the task- based learning
enables the language learners to develop the language skills and also the knowledge of the language itself through the learners’ interaction in
communicating the language. The skills that enable the language learners in developing their skills are language exercises and communicative activities
Nunan 2004, p. 22. Various language exercises can be used in language teaching. The language exercises come in many shapes, forms and can be focused
on the lexical, phonological and grammar. As stated by Willis 1996, there are three components of the task based
learning framework. These components are pre-task, task cycle, and language focus.
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