28 In the task-based learning, the term of task as the main focus of the
learning process is important. Long 1985 said that the term of the tasks that is used in task-based are based on everything that people do in everyday life
activities as cited in Nunan 2004, p.2. Richards, et al, 1986 added that the task may or may not involve the production of the language. The use of various kinds
of activity in task-based learning is to make it more communicative in the learning process as cited in Nunan, 2004, p. 2.
b. The Framework of the Task-Based Learning
In task-based learning, the daily activities that we do are transformed into tasks in language learning process. The focused of the task- based learning
enables the language learners to develop the language skills and also the knowledge of the language itself through the learners’ interaction in
communicating the language. The skills that enable the language learners in developing their skills are language exercises and communicative activities
Nunan 2004, p. 22. Various language exercises can be used in language teaching. The language exercises come in many shapes, forms and can be focused
on the lexical, phonological and grammar. As stated by Willis 1996, there are three components of the task based
learning framework. These components are pre-task, task cycle, and language focus.
29
Figure 2.15 Components of the TBL framework Willis 1996: 52
In the pre-task, the students discussed the topic with teacher. Then the students highlight the useful words and phrases that help them in understanding
the task instructions. As stated by Willis 1996, a good textbook will have ideas for introducing the topic and task, and will also include the preparatory activities
for the learner which can be done before they move further in learning the language p. 46. Willis 1996 also added some activities for the pre-task such as
classifying words and phrases, matching phrases to pictures, memory challenge, brainstorming, and mind maps. These activities help the teacher to introduce the
topic to the students. Task cycle consists of three stages. First stage is a task, where the students
do the task in pair or in small groups. The task helps students to develop fluency in the target language and strategies in communication. Through the task, the
students are expected to become better communicators and also learn new words and phrases so they can enrich their knowledge in learning English. Second stage
PRE-TASK
Introduction to topic and task
TASK CYCLE
Task, Planning and Report
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Analysis and Practice
