13 The eight parts of Kemp’s model comprise a flexible process. There is
interdependence among them. One element may affect others and vice versa. It is the planners’ choice to start wherever heshe wants to start and move back and forth to
the other steps Kemp, 1977: 9. The model of Kemp’s instructional design can be seen in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 Kemp’s Instructional Design Model Kemp, 1977: 9
2. Educational Research and Development
“Educational research and development RD is a process used to develop and validate educational products” Borg and Gall, 1983: 772. It is a process which
Revision
Pre- assessment
Goal, topic, general
purposes
Learning objectives
Supporting service
s
Evaluation Learners’
characteristics
Subject content
Learning activities,
resources PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 is used to develop and legalize educational product. Educational product consists of
material object, such as textbook, instructional film, etc. and refers to established procedures and processes such as method of teaching. The goal of research and
development is to take the research knowledge and put it into a product that can be used in the school. In a sense, the purpose of R D is to bridge the gap that often
exists between educational research and educational practice. RD consists of research steps which are known as RD cycle. There are 10 major steps in the R
D cycle: 1.
Research and information collecting It includes:
• Review of the literature which is used to collect research findings and other information pertinent to the planned development.
• Classroom observations • Preparation
2. Planning
It includes: • Defining skills
• Stating objectives determining course sequence • Small scale feasibility testing
3. Developing preliminary form of product
This part includes the preparation of instructional materials, handbooks, evaluation devices. An important principle in delivering this part is to structure the
product so as to permit obtaining as much feedback as possible from the field testing. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15 4.
Preliminary field testing The purpose of this step is to obtain an initial qualitative evaluation of the
new educational product. It is conducted from 1 to 3 schools, using 6 to 12 subjects. The expected data are collected through interviews, questionnaires and observations.
5. Main product revision
In main product revision, the data obtained from the preliminary field testing were compiled and analyzed. The collected data are used as feedback in developing
and improving the educational product. 6.
Main field testing The purpose of this step is to determine whether the educational product
under development meets its performance objectives. Furthermore, it is also used to collect information that can be used to improve the course in its next revision.
Therefore, the questionnaire and interview data should be obtained from all participants in the main field testing.
7. Operational product revision
This part compiled the revision of product as suggested by the main field-test results.
8. Operational field testing
The purpose of this step is to determine whether an educational product is fully ready to be used use in the schools without the presence of the developer or his
staff. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16 9.
Final product revision This part compiled the revision of product as suggested by operational field-
test results. 10.
Dissemination and implementation Dissemination refers to the process of helping potential users to become
aware of RD product. Implementation refers to the process of helping the adopter of RD product to use it in the way it is intended by the developers.
This part includes: • Report on product at professional meetings and in journals
• Work with publisher who assumes commercial distribution • Monitor distribution to provide quality control
3. Storytelling
