Finals Tones Sound changes according to age strata Initials

Figure G16. RL: Pitch plot for tones on checked syllables.

8.4 Sound changes according to age strata

We recorded only one speaker at this data point. 9 JQ Sandong, Southern Data point: Guchang village, Jiuqian township, Sandu county Sui place name: x ən² mui⁶, ʔbaːn³ ʔdaːn¹ Wordlist informants: Pan Xianlong 潘 显龙 ， Pan Zhongshun 潘忠 顺 ， Pan Xiangjiang 潘祥江 ， Pan Xiaotao 潘小桃 ， Pan Yongxian 潘永献 ， Pan Laoyang 潘老阳 ， Pan Jiyi 潘 继 依 ， Pan Zhiqiang 潘志 强

9.1 Initials

p p ʰ ᵐb ʔb m̥ m ʔm f v ʔw t tʰ ⁿd ʔd n̥ n ʔn l ts tsʰ s z ȶ ȶʰ ȵ̥ ȵ ʔȵ ɕ j ʔj k kʰ ŋ̊ ŋ ʔŋ x ɣ ʔɣ q qʰ ʁ ʔ h pj pʰj ᵐbj ʔbj m̥j mj fj vj tʰj ⁿdj ʔdj n̥j nj ʔnj lj tsj sj kw kʰw ŋw ʔŋw Notes: ① f is pronounced [ ɸ] when it occurs before [j] or [i]; it is pronounced [hw] when it occurs before [a]. ② v is usually pronounced [w]; it is pronounced [ ɥ] when it occurs before [i], for example ‘fire’ ɥi¹. ③ ȶ is pronounced closer to [tɕ].

9.2 Finals

i e a o u ə aːi ai oi ui iu eu aːu au im em aːm am om um in en aːn an on un ən iŋ eŋ aːŋ aŋ oŋ uŋ əŋ ip ep aːp ap op up it et aːt at ot ut ət ik ek aːk ak ok uk ək Notes: ① Short a is pronounced closer to [ ɐ]. ② ai is pronounced closer to [ei] or [ ɜi]. ③ e is pronounced [e] when it occurs after palatals; it is pronounced [ ɛ] elsewhere. ④ ə is pronounced [ɪ] after palatals. ⑤ o is typically pronounced [ ɔː]. Sometimes it is diphthongised to [ɔɐ] or [uɐ] after palatals. ⑥ um, uŋ, up and uk are pronounced [om] or [ʊm] after palatals, [oŋ], [ʊp] or [op] after uvulars and glottals and [ ʊk] respectively.

9.3 Tones

113 251 333 442 524 645 7S 45 7L 25 8S 44 8L 43 Figure G17. JQ: Pitch plot for tones on unchecked syllables. Figure G18. JQ: Pitch plot for tones on checked syllables.

9.4 Sound changes according to age strata

① The young speakers usually pronounced v as [w]. ② Some young speakers pronounced ⁿd as [l]. ③ The young speakers occasionally pronounced ɕ as [hj]. ④ The young speakers usually pronounced up as [ əp]. 10 SY Sandong, Southern Data point: Shuiyao village, Shuiyao Sui district, Libo county Sui place name: x ən² lə³ ʔjaːŋ¹, ʔbaːn³ ʔjaːŋ¹ Wordlist informants: Yao Keqiang 姚克 强 ， Yao Pincui 姚品翠

10.1 Initials

p p ʰ ᵐb ʔb m̥ m ʔm f v ʔw t tʰ ⁿd ʔd n̥ n ʔn l ts tsʰ s z ȶ ȶʰ ȵ̥ ȵ ʔȵ ɕ j ʔj k kʰ ŋ̊ ŋ ʔŋ x ɣ ʔɣ q qʰ ʁ ʔ h pj pʰj ᵐbj ʔbj m̥j mj ʔmj fj vj tʰj ⁿdj ʔdj n̥j nj ʔnj lj tsj sj kw kʰw ŋw ʔŋw Notes: ① f is pronounced as [ ɸ] or [h] when it occurs before [u]. ② v is usually pronounced [w]; it is pronounced [ ɥ] when it occurs before [i], for example ‘fire’ ɥi¹. ③ j can also be pronounced [ ʑ] free variation. ④ ɕ can also be pronounced [h] when it occurs before [i] free variation. ⑤ h can also be pronounced [ χ ] free variation. ⑥ j in palatalised onsets is extremely light, sometimes it disappears, for example‘to eat’ tsj ɛn¹ tsɛn¹ and ‘side’ mj ɛŋ⁵ mɛŋ⁵.

10.2 Finals