Initials Finals Tones Sound changes according to age strata Initials

7.3 Tones

1323 221 322 442 525 645 7S 45 7L 15 8S 33 8L 31 Figure G13. SJ: Pitch plot for tones on unchecked syllables Figure G14. SJ: Pitch plot for tones on checked syllables

7.4 Sound changes according to age strata

① The old speaker preserved m̥ from Proto-Sui, for example ‘dog’ m̥a¹ the middle-aged and the young speaker both pronounce this word h̃wa¹. 8 RL Sandong, Eastern Data point: Dangmin village, Renli Sui district, Rongjiang county Sui place name: h ən² te³ qʰau¹, ᵐbaːn³ te³ qʰau¹ Wordlist informants: Pan Minggang 潘明刚 ， Pan Yi 潘毅

8.1 Initials

p p ʰ ᵐb m f v t tʰ ⁿd n l ts tsʰ s z ȶ ȶʰ ȵ j ʔj k kʰ ŋ ɣ q qʰ ʁ ʔ h h̃ pj pʰj ᵐbj mj fj vj tʰj ⁿdj nj lj sj hj h̃j tw ⁿdw kw ŋw h̃w Notes: ① v is usually pronounced [w] or [ ʋ]. ② ʔj occurs in only one word, ‘1SG I, me’ ʔjau²; elsewhere, ʔj has merged with j. ③ hj is usually pronounced [ ɕ] when it occurs before i. ④ ɣ is usually pronounced [ⁿɡ]. ⑤ j in palatalised initials is pronounced as a slightly lengthened [i] when it occurs before e, for example ‘to raise’ ti ɛm¹ and ‘hard-working’ hiɛn⁶. ⑥ Nasalisation on h̃, h̃j and h̃w initials is usually realised on the following vowel.

8.2 Finals

i e, ẽ a o u ə aːi ai oi ui iu eu aːu au im em aːm am om um in en aːn an on un ən iŋ eŋ aːŋ aŋ oŋ uŋ əŋ ip ep aːp ap op up it et aːt at ot ut ət ik ek aːk ak ok uk ək Notes: ① Short a can also be pronounced [ ɐ] free variation. ② ai is pronounced closer to [ ɜi]; it is pronounced [ei] when it occurs after palatals. ③ e is pronounced closer to [ ɛː]. ④ ə is pronounced [ɪ] after palatals. ⑤ o is typically pronounced [ ɔ]. Occasionally it is diphthongised to [ɔɐ] or [uɐ] after palatals. ⑥ um, uŋ, up and uk are pronounced [om], [oŋ], [op] and [ok] respectively.

8.3 Tones

123 231 333 442 524 6454 7S 55 7L 24 8S 43 8L 42 Figure G15. RL: Pitch plot for tones on unchecked syllables. Figure G16. RL: Pitch plot for tones on checked syllables.

8.4 Sound changes according to age strata

We recorded only one speaker at this data point. 9 JQ Sandong, Southern Data point: Guchang village, Jiuqian township, Sandu county Sui place name: x ən² mui⁶, ʔbaːn³ ʔdaːn¹ Wordlist informants: Pan Xianlong 潘 显龙 ， Pan Zhongshun 潘忠 顺 ， Pan Xiangjiang 潘祥江 ， Pan Xiaotao 潘小桃 ， Pan Yongxian 潘永献 ， Pan Laoyang 潘老阳 ， Pan Jiyi 潘 继 依 ， Pan Zhiqiang 潘志 强

9.1 Initials

p p ʰ ᵐb ʔb m̥ m ʔm f v ʔw t tʰ ⁿd ʔd n̥ n ʔn l ts tsʰ s z ȶ ȶʰ ȵ̥ ȵ ʔȵ ɕ j ʔj k kʰ ŋ̊ ŋ ʔŋ x ɣ ʔɣ q qʰ ʁ ʔ h pj pʰj ᵐbj ʔbj m̥j mj fj vj tʰj ⁿdj ʔdj n̥j nj ʔnj lj tsj sj kw kʰw ŋw ʔŋw Notes: ① f is pronounced [ ɸ] when it occurs before [j] or [i]; it is pronounced [hw] when it occurs before [a]. ② v is usually pronounced [w]; it is pronounced [ ɥ] when it occurs before [i], for example ‘fire’ ɥi¹. ③ ȶ is pronounced closer to [tɕ].

9.2 Finals