Finals Tones Sound changes according to age strata Initials Finals

④ h can also be pronounced [ χ ] free variation. ⑤ Some speakers pronounce sj as [ ɕ] and tsj as [ȶ]. ⑥ j in palatalised initials is pronounced as a slightly lengthened [i] before eu, for example ‘1PL we’ ⁿdieu¹ and ‘prickly ash’ ɬieu¹.

11.2 Finals

i e a o u ə aːi ai oi ui iu eu aːu au im em aːm am om um in en aːn an on un ən iŋ eŋ aːŋ aŋ oŋ uŋ ip ep aːp ap op up it et aːt at ot ut ət ik ek aːk ak ok uk Notes: ① Short a is pronounced closer to [ ɐ] or [ɜ]. ② ai is pronounced [ ɛi] or [ei] when it occurs after palatals. ③ Rarely, au is pronounce d [ou], for example ‘dove’ qou² and ‘stingy’ kʰou². ④ e is pronounced as [eː] after palatals and as [ɛː] elsewhere. ⑤ u is pronounced closer to [ ʊ]. ⑥ o is usually prononuced [ ɔ]; occasionally it is diphthongised to [oɐ] or [ʉɜ] when it occurs after palatals. ⑦ ə does not occur after palatalised or palatal initials; instead, it has merged with i in these environments.

11.3 Tones

1212 241 333 431 535 645 7S 55 7L 45 8S 54 8L 42 Figure G.21. JR: Pitch plot for tones on unchecked syllables. Figure G.22. JR: Pitch plot for tones on checked syllables.

11.4 Sound changes according to age strata

① The old speaker usually pronounced f as [hw]. ② The young speaker usually pronounced ⁿd as [l]. 12 SW Sandong, Southern Data point: Shuiwei village, Shuiwei Sui district, Rongjiang county Sui place name: x ən² vai⁶, ʔbaːn³ vai⁶ Wordlist informants: Pan Jinxin 潘 锦 新 ， Wei Feiwen 韦飞 文 ， Pan Zhi 潘智

12.1 Initials

p p ʰ ᵐb ʔb m̥ m ʔm f v t tʰ ⁿd ʔd n̥ n ʔn l ts tsʰ s z ȶ ȶʰ ȵ̥ ȵ ʔȵ ɕ j ʔj k kʰ ŋ̊ ŋ ʔŋ x ɣ ʔɣ q qʰ ʁ ʔ h pj pʰj ᵐbj ʔbj m̥j mj ʔmj fj vj tʰj ⁿdj ʔdj n̥j nj ʔnj lj tsj sj kw kʰw ŋw ʔŋw Notes: ① v is pronounced [v] before high vowels and [w] elsewhere. ② ɕ can also be pronounced [hj] free variation. ③ ȶ is pronounced closer to [tɕ]. ④ j in palatalised initials is pronounced as a slightly lengthened [i] before e, for example ‘dish’ ti ɛp⁸ and ‘blanket’ mi ɛn².

12.2 Finals

i e, ẽ a o u aːi ai oi ui iu eu aːu au im em aːm am om um in en aːn an on un ən iŋ eŋ aːŋ aŋ oŋ uŋ əŋ ip ep aːp ap op up it et aːt at ot ut ət ik ek aːk ak ok uk ək Notes: ① Short a can also be pronounced [ ɐ] free variation. ② ai is usually pronounced [ei] after palatal initials and [ ɜi] elsewhere. ③ au is pronounced closer to [ ɐu]. ④ e is pronounced more like [ ɛ] or [æ]. ⑤ ə is pronounced [ɪ] when it occurs after palatals. ⑥ o is usually diphthongised to [o ɐ] or [uɐ] after palatals. ⑦ um, uŋ, up and uk are pronounced as [om], [oŋ], [op] sometimes [əp] and [ok] respectively.

12.3 Tones