PKS -e and -ai partial merger in Tangzhou TZ PKS -

Table 5.45. Some -i correspondences in Chinese loanwords. Words with -e or -ai shaded in grey Sandong Pandong Yang’an Kam Central Eastern Southern Gloss EMC SD DJ JQ SW JL BL ‘to untie’ 解 kɛːj B tsi⁵ ȶi⁵ tsi⁵ ȶi⁵ tsei⁵ ȶi⁵ - ‘to ride’ 騎 ɡi C ȶi⁶ ȶi⁶ tsi⁶ ȶe⁶ tsei⁶ ȶi⁶ ȶi² ‘generation’† 世 ɕiaj C si ⁵ - - sje⁵ - - - ‘on behalf of’† 替 t ʰiaj C tʰi⁵ - - tʰje⁵ - tʰi⁵ tʰi⁵ ‘mother’ 女 nai B ni⁴ ni⁴ ni⁴ ni⁴ ni⁴ nɜi⁴ nəi⁴ ‘skin’ 皮 biə̆ A pi² pi² - - pi² pəi² pi² ‘fat animals’ 肥 buj A pi² pi² pi² pi² fi² pui² pəi² † From author’s own field notes

5.4.3 PKS -e and -ai partial merger in Tangzhou TZ

Tangzhou TZ is the only dialect to have undergone a partial merger of PKS -e and -ai, which occurs only on words with labial and alveolar onsets, as illustrated in table 5.46. The phonemic distinction between -e and -ai is retained in words such as ‘husband’ ʔɣe¹ and ‘egg’ kəi⁵, ‘pointy’ ɕie³ and ‘well- behaved’ ɕei¹. Table 5.46 also shows a partial PKS -ai and -i merger in Yang’an Sui and some Kam dialects. Table 5.46. Partial merger of PKS -e and -ai in Tangzhou TZ, indicated by double lines. Words with -i codas shaded in grey Sandong Pandong Yang’an Kam Gloss PKS SD TZ PD JL TN BL ‘husband’ ʔre A ʔɣɛ¹ ʔɣe¹ - - ɣɛ¹ ɣɛ¹ - ‘excrement’ ke C qe⁴ ȶe⁴ ȶe⁴ ke⁴ qɛ⁴ qɛ⁴ ʔe⁴ ‘mantis’ - ʔẽ³ ʔẽ³ ʔẽ³ - - ʔɛ̃³ - ‘mark’ - ʔmɛ¹ ʔmɘi¹ me¹ mæ¹ mɛ¹ mɛ¹ me¹ ‘not’ me A mɛ² mɘi² me² mæ² mɛ² mɛ² me² ‘sand’ - ⁿde¹ ⁿdɘi¹ - ⁿdæ¹ ⁿdɛ¹ ⁿdɛ¹ ɕe¹ ‘book, writing’ hle A lɛ¹ lɘi¹ le¹ læ¹ lɛ² lɛ² le² ‘to get’ ɗai C ʔdɜi³ ʔdɘi³ ⁿdai³ ⁿdei³ ⁿdi³ l ˠi³ li³, ləi³ ‘a shame’ - ʔmɜi⁵ ʔmɘi⁵ mai⁵ mai⁵ mi⁵ mi⁵ mi⁵ ‘tree’ mai C mɜi⁴ mɘi⁴ mai⁴ mai⁴ mɜi⁴ məi⁴ məi⁴ ‘to buy’ trai B ⁿdjei³ ⁿdjei³ ⁿdjai³ ⁿdjei³ ⁿdjɜi³ tjei³ ȶəi³ ‘near’ phlai B pʰjei⁵ pʰjei⁵ pʰjai⁵ pʰjei⁵ pʰjɜi⁵ pʰjei⁵ pjəi⁵ NK

5.4.4 PKS -

iŋ, -eŋ loanwords partial merger in Tangzhou TZ and Tingpai TP Just as there was no phonemic distinction between -i and -e on open syllables in PKS, we suspect that the same was true for closed syllables in agreement with Thurgood. Table 5.47 shows correspondences for - iŋ and -eŋ in Sui dialects. Southern and Eastern Sui are consistent with Central Sui SD. We suspect that words with - eŋ are all loanwords e.g., ‘to lean’ seŋ⁵ 向 EMC xɨaŋ C ; ‘congee’ qeŋ¹ 羹 EMC k əɨjŋ A k ɛːjŋ A ; and ‘likeness’ ɕeŋ⁵ 相 sɨaŋ C . In TZ and TP, the rimes on these loanwords assimilated to native - iŋ in certain environments, whereas other Sui dialects, and Kam, retained a phonemic distinction. Words with -em and -en mostly occur in conjunction with palatalised onsets and were discussed in section 5.3.1 see table 5.40. 28 Table 5.47. PKS iŋ first four words and eŋ last six words, Chinese loans?. Words showing - iŋ indicated by double lines Sandong Pandong Yang’an Kam Central Western Gloss SD TZ TP AT PD JL TN BL ‘expensive’ ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹ - - ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹ - ‘branch’ tsiŋ⁵ tsiŋ⁵ tsiŋ⁵ tsiŋ⁵ kiŋ⁵ ts əŋ⁵ ȶiŋ⁵ ȶiŋ⁵ ȶiŋ⁵ ‘ginger’ siŋ¹ siŋ¹ siŋ¹ siŋ¹ ɕiŋ¹ s əŋ¹ siŋ¹ siŋ¹ ɕiŋ¹ ‘beautiful’ kiŋ³ kiŋ³ kiŋ³ kiŋ³ kiŋ³ kaːŋ⁶ † kiŋ³ kiŋ³ - ‘throw away’ p ɛŋ⁵ - piŋ⁵ - - p ɛŋ⁵ p ɛːŋ⁵ pɛːŋ⁵ pe ŋ⁵ ‘to lean’ s ɛŋ⁵ siŋ⁵ siŋ⁵ s ɛːŋ⁵ ɕiəŋ⁵ sɛŋ⁵ s ɛːŋ⁵ s ɛːŋ⁵ ɕeŋ⁵ ‘wok’ ts ɛŋ⁶ tsiŋ⁶ tsiŋ⁶ ts ɛːŋ⁶ - - taːu¹ - - ‘congee’ q ɛŋ¹ qeŋ¹ ȶiŋ¹ - - - qeŋ¹ - qeŋ¹ ‘wok stand’ kweŋ² kweŋ² kwɛːŋ² kwɛːŋ² kiəŋ² kiŋ² kiŋ² kw ɛːŋ² - ‘likeness’ ɕeŋ⁵ ɕiəŋ⁵ ɕiːɛŋ⁵ hiɛŋ⁵ hi əŋ⁵ hiəŋ⁵ hiŋ⁵ hiŋ⁵ - † The young speaker we recorded said kjaːŋ⁶, the two older speakers said kaːŋ⁶.

5.4.5 PKS -ik, -ek, -