Table 5.45. Some -i correspondences in Chinese loanwords. Words with -e or -ai shaded in grey Sandong
Pandong Yang’an Kam
Central Eastern Southern
Gloss EMC
SD DJ
JQ SW
JL BL
‘to untie’ 解
kɛːj
B
tsi⁵ ȶi⁵
tsi⁵ ȶi⁵
tsei⁵ ȶi⁵
- ‘to ride’
騎 ɡi
C
ȶi⁶ ȶi⁶
tsi⁶ ȶe⁶
tsei⁶ ȶi⁶
ȶi² ‘generation’†
世 ɕiaj
C
si ⁵
- -
sje⁵ -
- -
‘on behalf of’† 替
t ʰiaj
C
tʰi⁵ -
- tʰje⁵ -
tʰi⁵ tʰi⁵
‘mother’ 女
nai
B
ni⁴ ni⁴
ni⁴ ni⁴
ni⁴ nɜi⁴
nəi⁴ ‘skin’
皮 biə̆
A
pi² pi²
- -
pi² pəi²
pi² ‘fat animals’
肥 buj
A
pi² pi²
pi² pi²
fi² pui²
pəi² † From author’s own field notes
5.4.3 PKS -e and -ai partial merger in Tangzhou TZ
Tangzhou TZ is the only dialect to have undergone a partial merger of PKS -e and -ai, which occurs only on words with labial and alveolar onsets, as illustrated in table 5.46. The phonemic distinction
between -e and -ai is retained in words such as ‘husband’ ʔɣe¹ and ‘egg’ kəi⁵, ‘pointy’ ɕie³ and ‘well-
behaved’ ɕei¹. Table 5.46 also shows a partial PKS -ai and -i merger in Yang’an Sui and some Kam
dialects. Table 5.46. Partial merger of PKS -e and -ai in Tangzhou TZ, indicated by double lines.
Words with -i codas shaded in grey Sandong
Pandong Yang’an
Kam Gloss
PKS SD
TZ PD
JL TN
BL ‘husband’
ʔre
A
ʔɣɛ¹ ʔɣe¹
- -
ɣɛ¹ ɣɛ¹
- ‘excrement’
ke
C
qe⁴ ȶe⁴
ȶe⁴ ke⁴
qɛ⁴ qɛ⁴
ʔe⁴ ‘mantis’
- ʔẽ³
ʔẽ³ ʔẽ³
- -
ʔɛ̃³ -
‘mark’ -
ʔmɛ¹ ʔmɘi¹ me¹
mæ¹ mɛ¹
mɛ¹ me¹
‘not’ me
A
mɛ² mɘi²
me² mæ²
mɛ² mɛ²
me² ‘sand’
- ⁿde¹
ⁿdɘi¹ -
ⁿdæ¹ ⁿdɛ¹
ⁿdɛ¹ ɕe¹
‘book, writing’ hle
A
lɛ¹ lɘi¹
le¹ læ¹
lɛ² lɛ²
le² ‘to get’
ɗai
C
ʔdɜi³ ʔdɘi³ ⁿdai³
ⁿdei³ ⁿdi³
l ˠi³
li³, ləi³ ‘a shame’
- ʔmɜi⁵ ʔmɘi⁵ mai⁵
mai⁵ mi⁵
mi⁵ mi⁵
‘tree’ mai
C
mɜi⁴ mɘi⁴
mai⁴ mai⁴
mɜi⁴ məi⁴
məi⁴ ‘to buy’
trai
B
ⁿdjei³ ⁿdjei³ ⁿdjai³ ⁿdjei³ ⁿdjɜi³ tjei³ ȶəi³
‘near’ phlai
B
pʰjei⁵ pʰjei⁵ pʰjai⁵ pʰjei⁵ pʰjɜi⁵ pʰjei⁵ pjəi⁵ NK
5.4.4 PKS -
iŋ, -eŋ loanwords partial merger in Tangzhou TZ and Tingpai TP
Just as there was no phonemic distinction between -i and -e on open syllables in PKS, we suspect that the same was true for closed syllables in agreement with Thurgood. Table 5.47 shows correspondences for -
iŋ and -eŋ in Sui dialects. Southern and Eastern Sui are consistent with Central Sui SD. We suspect that words with -
eŋ are all loanwords e.g., ‘to lean’ seŋ⁵ 向 EMC xɨaŋ
C
; ‘congee’ qeŋ¹
羹 EMC
k əɨjŋ
A
k ɛːjŋ
A
; and ‘likeness’ ɕeŋ⁵ 相 sɨaŋ
C
. In TZ and TP, the rimes on these loanwords assimilated to native -
iŋ in certain environments, whereas other Sui dialects, and Kam, retained a phonemic distinction. Words with -em and -en mostly occur in conjunction with palatalised onsets and were
discussed in section 5.3.1 see table 5.40.
28
Table 5.47. PKS iŋ first four words and eŋ last six words, Chinese loans?.
Words showing - iŋ indicated by double lines
Sandong Pandong
Yang’an Kam
Central Western
Gloss SD
TZ TP
AT PD
JL TN
BL ‘expensive’
ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹
ᵐbiŋ¹ -
- ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹
- ‘branch’
tsiŋ⁵ tsiŋ⁵
tsiŋ⁵ tsiŋ⁵
kiŋ⁵ ts
əŋ⁵ ȶiŋ⁵
ȶiŋ⁵ ȶiŋ⁵
‘ginger’ siŋ¹
siŋ¹ siŋ¹
siŋ¹ ɕiŋ¹
s əŋ¹
siŋ¹ siŋ¹
ɕiŋ¹ ‘beautiful’
kiŋ³ kiŋ³
kiŋ³ kiŋ³
kiŋ³ kaːŋ⁶ † kiŋ³
kiŋ³ -
‘throw away’ p
ɛŋ⁵ -
piŋ⁵ -
- p
ɛŋ⁵ p
ɛːŋ⁵ pɛːŋ⁵ pe
ŋ⁵ ‘to lean’
s ɛŋ⁵
siŋ⁵ siŋ⁵
s ɛːŋ⁵
ɕiəŋ⁵ sɛŋ⁵ s
ɛːŋ⁵ s
ɛːŋ⁵ ɕeŋ⁵
‘wok’ ts
ɛŋ⁶ tsiŋ⁶
tsiŋ⁶ ts
ɛːŋ⁶ -
- taːu¹
- -
‘congee’ q
ɛŋ¹ qeŋ¹
ȶiŋ¹ -
- -
qeŋ¹ -
qeŋ¹ ‘wok stand’
kweŋ² kweŋ² kwɛːŋ² kwɛːŋ² kiəŋ² kiŋ²
kiŋ² kw
ɛːŋ² - ‘likeness’
ɕeŋ⁵ ɕiəŋ⁵ ɕiːɛŋ⁵ hiɛŋ⁵
hi əŋ⁵ hiəŋ⁵
hiŋ⁵ hiŋ⁵
- † The young speaker we recorded said
kjaːŋ⁶, the two older speakers said kaːŋ⁶.
5.4.5 PKS -ik, -ek, -