PKS retentions shared by all Sui dialects Late sound changes shared by all Sui dialects

5.7.1 PKS retentions shared by all Sui dialects

Shared retentions are shown in table 5.57. Palatalised alveolars are retained by all Sui dialects whereas they have merged with alveolopalatals in Kam. Uvular stops are also retained in all Sui dialects whereas they have merged with either glottal or velar stops in most Kam dialects. Finally, phonemic voiceless nasals not shown in table 5.57 are retained in all varieties of Sui in one form or another either as m̥-, n̥- etc. or as h̃w-, h̃j- etc., see section 5.2.2 whereas they have merged with their voiced counterparts in most Kam dialects. Table 5.57. Retentions from PKS shared by all Sui dialects PKS ours PKS Sandong Pandong Yang’an Kam Examples Gloss Sui SD Sui TN Kam Chejiang ʔnj-, nj- ʔnj-, nj- nj- nj- ȵ- ‘narrow’ ʔnjap⁷ njap⁷ ȵap⁷ ‘moon’ njen² njaːn¹ ȵan¹ tʰr- tʰj-, tʰr- tj- tʰj-, tj- tʰj-, tj- tʰj-, tj- ȶ- ‘to wear’ tʰjak⁷ tʰjak⁷ ȶak⁷ ‘full’ tjaŋ⁵ tjaŋ⁵ ȶaŋ⁵ q-, ɢ- q- q- q- ʔ-, k- ‘cave’ qaːm¹ qaːm¹ ʔaːm¹ ‘to stroll around’ qon⁶ qon⁶ kon⁶

5.7.2 Late sound changes shared by all Sui dialects

Late sound changes which are shared by all Sui dialects are given in table 5.58. The fact that these are shared across such a wide area would normally indicate that they are early innovations. However, we have already established that Yang’an Sui developed on a very different trajectory from the other Sui dialects. Furthermore, two of these shared sound changes occur almost exclusively on Chinese loanwords. It would seem, then, that these particular changes diffused across the Sui area after Yang’an speakers had migrated into the area from their original homeland. Finally, evidence presented in chapter 4 shows that a “voiced-high” tonal flip-flop diffused across the Sui region, occurring on tone categories A and C in all Sui dialects, and also on tone category B in Central Sui varieties in and south of Sandong township and in Southern, Eastern and Pandong dialects and subdialects. Although this tonal flip-flop occurred in other languages spoken in and around the Sui region, only Sui was universally affected and thus acquired a distinctive tonal timbre. Table 5.58. Late sound changes shared by all Sui dialects PKS ours PKS Sandong Pandong Yang’an Kam Examples Gloss Sui SD Kam Chejiang l̥- l- l- l- s- ‘to wash’ lak⁷ sak⁷ ‘to rest’ lwa⁵ sa⁵ ɕ- mostly loans s- s- s- ɕ- ‘to tell’ sot⁷ ɕot⁹ ‘spring’ s ən¹ ɕən¹ s- h- h- h- s- ‘to give’ haːi¹ saːi¹ ‘root’ haːŋ¹ saːŋ¹ sj- mostly loans hj- ɕ- hj- hj-, h- s- ‘straight’ ɕaŋ² saŋ² ‘four’ ɕi⁵ si⁵ s.j- j- j- j- s- ‘fishy’ ju¹ saːu¹ ‘tip’ jut⁷ s ət⁷ 115 6 Lexical Similarity Melissa Partida, Andy Castro

6.1 Background