Dialect variants shared by Pandong and Yang’an Sui Southern Sui dialect variants

Yang’an shares a few words with Western Sui varieties such as ‘broken’ ȶʰot⁷ Sandong pʰa⁵, ‘frog’ ʔi¹ Sandong qup⁷ and ‘head’ kaːu³ku³ Sandong qam⁴, but most of these are also shared with Pandong and are catalogued in section 6.4.3 below. It also shares some lexical variants with Southern Sui such as ‘stinky’ ȵən¹ Sandong ȵ̥u¹. The two Yang’an dialects surveyed, TN and BL, were strikingly homogenous in terms of lexicon, with only a few words unique to one or the other. Some examples are ‘cloud’ tam⁵ BL, ‘you SG ’ ŋ̩² TN and ‘every’ pjaːi² TN.

6.4.3 Dialect variants shared by Pandong and Yang’an Sui

Table 6.14 shows some shared dialect variants used in both Pandong and Yang’an areas. Most of these are used in both Pandong villages PD and JL and both Yang’an villages TN, BL. Many of them are also shared with other dialects, shown in the right-hand column. Table 6.14. Dialect variants shared by Pandong and Yangan Sui English Sandong SD Pandong and Yang’an variant Data points sharing this variant ‘thunder’ qum⁴+ ʔȵa³ pja³ TN, BL, PD ‘rock, stone’ tin² pja¹ a TN, BL, PD, JL ‘top of rice stalk’ ȵ̥aːŋ³ ⁿdaːŋ¹ PD, qaːŋ¹ BL b BL, PD, JL ‘wok, pot’ tseŋ⁶ taːu¹ TN, BL, PD, JL ‘to sweat’ ljuk⁷ tun¹ TN, BL, PD, JL ‘sharp’ tau⁶ tsan² TN, BL, PD, JL ‘clear sky’ liŋ³ miŋ⁴ TN, BL, PD, JL ‘not old, not new’ m̥jan³ h̃waːt⁷ TN, PD ‘head’ qam⁴ ku³ Pandong, kaːu³ Yang’an TN, BL, PD, JL, AT ‘to swim’ lui² faːi¹ Pandong, faːi² Yang’an TN, BL, PD, JL, SY waːi¹ ‘crab’ kaːm⁶ ȶai⁶ TN, BL, PD, JQ, SW, JR, SY ‘to face upwards’ ʔŋwa³ ʔŋaːŋ³ TN, BL, PD, JL, JQ, SW, JR ‘to weave’ lja¹ haːn¹ TN, BL, PD, JL, JQ, JR, SY, TP ‘leech’ ᵐbi³, ᵐbum⁶ ᵐbi³ miŋ² Pandong, sɿ³ miŋ² Yang’an TN, BL, PD, JL, ZH, TZ, TP, AT ‘dipping sauce’ tsaːn¹ tsim⁵ c TN, BL, PD, JL, TZ, TP, AT, DJ ‘short-tempered’ sup⁷ lup⁸, loŋ² ⁿdjən³ qun⁴ TN, BL, PD, JL, DJ qon⁴, SJ qon⁴ ‘frog’ qup⁷ ʔi¹ PD, ji¹ JL, TN, BL TN, BL, PD, JL, TP, AT a In many Sui dialects pja¹ refers specifically to ‘cliff’ or ‘boulder’. In Southern Sui it means ‘mountain’. Pandong and Yang’an are the only dialects not to use tin² for the countable noun ‘stone’. b These two words are cognate see chapter 5, section 5.2.5.2, table 5.24. c There are numerous variants for ‘dipping sauce’, see Section 6.6 ‘Conclusion’ below.

6.4.4 Southern Sui dialect variants

Dialect variants which are commonly used in the Southern Sui area are shown in table 6.15. Our list supplements the small number of Southern Sui dialect variants documented by Pan and Wei 2004:390. Most of these words are used in all Southern Sui lects. Some are restricted to two or three locations, often just the Libo county dialects SY and JR. Table 6.15. Southern Sui dialect variants English Sandong SD Southern Sui variant Data points sharing this variant ‘skin, bark’ pi² ʁa¹ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘insect’ nui² ta¹ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘praying mantis’ ʔẽ³ zaːi³ SY, JR ‘tooth’ vjan¹ ɕiu³ a JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘knee’ qu⁵ tsoŋ⁵ b JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘table’ hi³ tjem⁶ SY, JR, SW ‘stool’ ʔun¹ taŋ⁵ SY, SW ‘glove’ tuk⁷ mja¹ fja³ mja¹ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘chicken coop’ kʰuŋ³ lok⁷ SY, JR ‘toilet’ kʰuŋ³ +qe⁴ laːu² JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘to stroll about’ qon⁶ ɣaːŋ⁶ JQ, SY, JR ‘to look for’ tʰaːu³ la⁶ SY, JR ‘to throw away with force’ peŋ⁵ c qʰeu⁵ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘to roll up’ tsaːp⁷, ljum³ ʔnjap⁷ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘to love’ mjət⁷ ɣai¹ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘to chat with friends’ ɕaːn³ qeu⁶ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘to cook’ ɕuŋ¹ saːu³ d JQ, SY, JR ‘to fry’ saːu³ kʰaːŋ¹ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘to sweat’ ljuk⁷ ʔaŋ¹ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘to throw up’ kun⁵ ⁿdaːk⁷ SY, JR ‘to scratch’ koi² tsut⁷ JQ, JR, SW ‘dark at night’ ⁿdjəŋ⁵ hup⁷ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘black color’ ʔnam¹ qam⁵ e SY, JR, SW ‘narrow’ ʔnjap⁷ ʁep⁷ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘far’ ʔdi¹ haːn⁴ JQ, JR, SW ‘clever’ ʔdjup⁷, hut⁷, ɕai¹ kiŋ³ f JQ, JR, SW ‘beautiful’ kiŋ³ qʰan⁵ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘insane’ ŋaːn⁵ ᵐbjoŋ¹ g JQ, SY, JR ‘round, spherical’ qu⁰ lu⁵ qon² h JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘short-tempered’ sup⁷ lup⁸, loŋ² ⁿdjən³ ⁿdjəŋ⁵ JQ, SY, JR, SW ‘just now’ laŋ², sum³ vjau¹ JQ, JR, SW ‘completed action particle’ ljeu² ɣaːŋ³ i JQ, SY, JR, SW a Specifically refers to ‘canine tooth’ in SD. b Means ‘back of the knee’ in SD. c Some Western Sui dialects also use naŋ⁵. d Southern Sui use ljuŋ¹ cognate with SD ɕuŋ¹ solely in the sense of ‘to boil’. e Means ‘purple’ in SD. f Southern Sui also uses ʔdjup⁷ to mean ‘quick-witted’. Southern Sui also has the word ɕai¹, but it means ‘obedient, well-behaved’ it also carries this meaning in SD in addition to ‘clever’. g Southern Sui also uses ŋaːn⁵. h Southern Sui also uses qo³ lo³ or qo³ lom⁶ for ‘round’ as in ‘circular’. i Western Sui parts of Tingpai TP and Hengfeng use a probable cognate ɣoŋ⁴ or woŋ⁴. We found several Southern Sui dialect variants which are also used in one or two other Sui lects. These are given in table 6.16. Table 6.16. Dialect variants shared by Southern Sui and other locations English Sandong SD Southern Sui variant Data points using this form ‘sticky rice’ ʔau⁴ ɕən¹ ʔau⁴ ʔdaːi¹ JQ, SY, JR, SW, PD ‘hoe’ kwaːk⁷ tsai⁴ JQ, SY, JR, SW, RL, SD ‘key’ mai⁴ fuŋ³ mai⁴ si² JQ, SW, hai³ si² JR, SY JQ, SY, JR, SW, RL, SJ ‘handkerchief’ ʔmaːn⁵ fja³ JQ, SY, JR, SW, RL, SJ, PD, JL ‘to scold’ ʔmui¹ si⁶, sje⁶, ɕi⁶ a JQ, JR, SW, RL, SJ ‘to consider’ fa³ n̥i³ JQ, SY, JR, SW, SD ‘sweet’ ljən⁶ faːn¹ JQ, SY, JR, SW, RL, SD ‘stinky’ ȵ̥u¹ ʔȵən¹ JQ, SY, JR, SW, TN, BL ‘place’ ⁿdjoŋ³ tsjum² SY, JR, PD a These variants are possibly cognate with Pandong’s ɕia⁶ PD, ha³ JL. As indicated by the cluster analysis in section 6.3.2.2, Shuiyao SY, Libo county is particularly innovative in its vocabulary. It has several dialect variants not used elsewhere, including: ‘near’ ɣau³, ‘far’ qaːi¹, ‘slow, slowly’ ɣai¹, ‘grey’ mjai¹, ‘yellow’ ko⁶, ‘bland, tasteless’ ljaːm⁶, ‘difficult’ qan⁶, ‘other, another’ ljeŋ⁶, ‘along’ ɕi², ‘to be’ ȶin¹, ‘to forget’ hoŋ¹, ‘to agree’ kʰən⁶, ‘large branch’ ʔa⁵, ‘shoes’ jaːi¹, ‘bamboo’ kwi¹, ‘crab’ ku⁶ kai³ or ku⁶ kwaːm⁴, ‘Han people’ ȶin¹, ‘just now’ ljem³ and ‘one’ ⁿdjeu¹. We suspect that many Southern Sui variants, especially those used in Libo county SY, JR, are old loans from Bouyei. This is not surprising since Sui speakers in Libo have regular contact with Bouyei speakers. Table 6.17 lists some possible Bouyei loanwords in Southern Sui. The fact that various sound changes have taken place since these words were borrowed shows that they are relatively old loans. ‘Table’, ‘stool’, ‘hat’ and ‘shoes’ were originally borrowed from Chinese, but whether they came into Sui directly from Chinese or via Bouyei is impossible to tell. Table 6.17. Possible Bouyei loanwords in Southern Sui cognates indicated by double lines English Sandong SD Southern Sui lects using variant Libo Bouyei Wu et al., 2007 ‘table’ ɕi³ tjem⁶ SY, JR, SW tɛm⁶ ‘stool’ ʔun¹ taŋ⁵ SY, SW tɐŋ⁵ ‘hat’ ȵon⁴ maːu⁶ SY a maːu⁶ ‘shoes’ tsaːk⁷ ja ːi¹ SY haːi² b ‘to be’ ⁿdum³, dju² ȶin¹ SY sin¹ ‘to love’ ᵐbjum¹ ɣai¹ JQ, SY, JR, SW tɕɐi² ‘to look for’ tʰaːu³ la⁶ SY, JR ʒa¹ English Sandong SD Southern Sui lects using variant Libo Bouyei Wu et al., 2007 ‘sweet’ ljən⁶ faːn¹ JQ, SY, JR, SW waːn¹ ‘clever’ ɕai¹ kwaːi¹ SY kwaːi¹ ‘far’ ʔdi¹ qaːi¹ SY tɕɐi¹ ‘no problem’ me² kʰaːm³ me² ŋaːi⁶ SY mi² ŋaːi⁶ ‘Han people’ ka⁴ ȶən¹ SY kuɐn¹ ‘one’ ti³ ⁿdjeu¹ SY ʔdɛu¹ a This variant is also used in Pandong and several Central and Eastern Sui dialects. b Bouyei Wangmo county pronunciation ILCRD 1996. No data available for Libo. The SY use of ⁿdjeu¹ for ‘one’ is an example of grammatical as well as lexical borrowing. In Bouyei and SY Sui, ‘one’ ⁿdjeu¹ comes after the classifier and noun which it modifies, whereas ‘one’ ti³ in other Sui dialects comes before the classifier and noun in common with other numerals, for example: ‘one pig’ to² m̥u⁵ ⁿdjeu¹ SY, ti³ to² m̥u⁵ all other Sui dialects. Compare this with ‘three pigs’ haːm¹ to² m̥u⁵ all Sui dialects including SY.

6.4.5 Rongjiang county dialect variants