Pandong Sui dialect variants

6.4.1 Pandong Sui dialect variants

Variants which characterise the Pandong PD and JL dialect area are given in table 6.9. Where two different forms are given for PD and JL they are still cognate. For example, loss of final -k in ‘to vomit’ is a common sound change in JL. Table 6.9. Pandong Sui dialect variants English Sandong SD Pandong variant ‘night’ saːn² ȵam⁵ a ‘saliva’ ʁe¹ li² ‘fish scales’ ʔdjən⁵ ⁿdip⁷ PD, tip⁷ JL ‘wing’ va⁵ va⁵ kai⁶ ‘hole in ground’ hən¹ kuŋ¹ b ‘porridge’ qeŋ¹ qoi⁴ ‘top game’ vu⁴ qo⁵ lo⁵ PD, tsə¹ lo⁵ JL ‘glove’ tuk⁷ mja¹ kʰoŋ¹ mja¹ PD, kuŋ¹ mja¹ JL ‘to gaze, look from a distance’ maːŋ⁶ h̃o⁵ PD, ŋo⁵ JL ‘to arrive’ tʰau⁵ hi² ‘to wear, carry’ c tʰjak⁷ tan³ ‘to scold’ ʔmui¹ ɕia⁶ PD, ha³ JL ‘to vomit’ kun⁵ juək⁷ PD, ⁿduə⁵ JL ‘to climb’ haːt⁸ sa⁵ d ‘to kick a door open’ taːp⁸ tek⁷ e ‘to open a door’ ŋ̥ai¹ kaːŋ⁵ ‘to turn pages’ sjet⁷ ⁿdiəŋ³ ‘white’ paːk⁸ ⁿduə³ ‘round’ qu⁰ lu⁵ tun² ‘sweet’ ljən⁶ qʰan¹ f ‘muddy’ g ʔboŋ⁵ laːn⁶ ‘rich’ fu⁵ pja⁶ ‘expensive’ ᵐbiŋ¹ qʰui¹ ‘completed action particle’ ljeu² liəu⁴, liu⁴ h ‘together’ tu³ toŋ² ȶuŋ⁶ a ȵam⁵ means ‘evening’ in other Sui dialects. Pandong does not distinguish between ‘evening’ and ‘night’. b kuŋ¹ specifically refers to a ‘nest’ e.g. a bird’s nest in other Sui dialects. c As in ‘to carry a watch or ornament on one’s body’. Pandong variant tan³ is the general word for ‘to wear’ in all Sui dialects. Pandong is the only dialect not to use tʰjak⁷. d All dialects use sa⁵ for ‘to ascend’, but only Pandong dialect does not have a separate word for ‘to climb’. e tek⁷ is an old Chinese loan from 踢 EMC tʰɛk D . It is used in some other Sui dialects as a general word for ‘to kick’. Pandong is the only dialect that does not use taːp⁸ for the specific action of kicking downwards with the soles of one’s feet e.g. kicking open a door. f qʰan¹ is a general word for ‘tasty’ in other Sui dialects. g This word is used to describe a dirt road after heavy rains: ‘muddy and broken up’. The Pandong form is a loan from Chinese 烂. h liu⁴ is a verbal modifier indicating ‘completeness’ in all Sui dialects. In Pandong, the completed action particle and this verbal modifier have merged, both are pronounced li əu⁴ or liu⁴ in JL. There is a significant amount of lexical divergence within the Pandong dialect area. Both PD and JL have a large amount of vocabulary which is not used elsewhere. Some distinctive PD variants include: ‘maggot’ nui² ke⁴ literally ‘faeces insect’, ‘mustard vegetable’ tok⁷, ‘quilt’ ᵐbien⁵, ‘key’ mai⁴ ke³, ‘to lose’ mu ə¹, ‘to come’ hã¹, ‘to see’ ⁿdiəŋ¹, ‘to look’ h̃o⁵, ‘to tell lies’ ljaːp⁷, ‘to love’ pin², ‘to like’ h̃jam³, ‘to miss sb.’ mjum², ‘to sing’ ȶiəŋ⁵, ‘to itch’ hin³, ‘wet’ qoŋ⁶, ‘yellow’ lo², ‘big’ qaːŋ⁴, ‘steep’ laŋ⁵, ‘concave’ kʰoi³, ‘bad’ je⁶, ‘slow’ pʰi⁴, ‘a long time’ naːn², ‘very’ lən⁴, ‘what?’ pən³ nau¹. Some distinctive JL variants include: ‘root’ kau³, ‘fly insect’ qaːŋ², ‘key’ kai⁴ loŋ³, ‘knife’ mja⁴, ‘to like’ ȵoŋ², ‘to look’ laːŋ¹, ‘to dive’ ⁿdjai⁵ nam³, ‘to bend over’ qom³, ‘to sing’ he⁴ tju⁶, ‘to meet, bump into’ ⁿdum³, ‘to smear, apply paint’ ⁿdak⁷, ‘to wring’ fie³, ‘to carry over one shoulder’ pʰja³, ‘to build a bridge’ taːŋ⁶, ‘yellow’ ⁿdie⁵, ‘slow’ tju³, ‘concave’ kʰuŋ¹, ‘what?’ tsuŋ³ nau¹. JL uses two-syllable compounds more often than other dialects. Some examples are given in table 6.10. Of particular interest is JL’s word for ‘sun’ ni⁴ hiŋ¹. All other Sui dialects use ʔda¹ van¹, probably derived from ⁿda¹ van¹ ‘eye in the sky’ 3 . However, standard Sui also has an adjective ɕaːŋ¹ which specifically describes the heat of the sun. In JL, this adjective has become a noun by means of the ni⁴ general classifier nominalising prefix. Sound changes described in section 5.3.1, chapter 5, show that JL hiŋ¹ and SD ɕaːŋ¹ are cognate PKS -aːŋ -iŋ C[+pal] in JL, see table 5.39, chapter 5. Table 6.10. Examples of compound words in JL English Sandong SD JL ‘sun’ ʔda¹ van¹ ni⁴ hiŋ¹ ‘porcupine’ ʔbin³ vin³ pu⁵ ‘crucian carp’ fit⁸ mom⁶ kaːm³ ‘grasshopper’ ŋwaːŋ⁶ njan⁶ tsʰau⁴ ‘cheeks’ ŋai⁶ kʰə⁰ ŋai⁶ ‘eye’ ⁿda¹ luŋ⁴ ⁿda¹ ‘nose’ ʔnaŋ¹ ȶan³ naŋ¹ ‘mouth’ paːk⁷ qam⁶ paːk⁷ ‘fist’ ȶon² ȵam¹ ȶon² ‘leg’ pa¹ ta³ pa¹ ‘cheap’ tsjen⁶ ma³ ma⁶ a ‘bored’ ʔbja⁵ ᵐbie⁵ pi⁴ a Literally ‘soft price’. ‘soft’ ma³ ʔma³ SD, ‘price’ ma⁶. Pandong also shares a few dialectal variants with Western Sui varieties table 6.11 and Eastern Sui varieties table 6.12. Some words shared with Western Sui are also shared with Yang’an dialect and are given in section 6.4.3 below. Table 6.11. Dialect variants shared by Pandong dialect and Western Sui English Sandong SD Pandong variant Western Sui variant ‘turtle’ tjaːu⁵ hin⁵ hia¹ PD, fjin⁵ JL fjət⁷ fia¹ TP, TZ, AT ‘kiwi fruit’ ʔnon⁵ faŋ¹ mun⁶ PD, faŋ¹ mon⁶ JL faŋ¹ mon⁶ TP, TZ, AT ‘taro’ ʔɣaːk⁷ ku³ kui² PD, ȶe⁴ hui² JL ȶe⁴ hui² AT ‘to consider’ fa³ huən⁵ PD, tuən⁵ JL fon⁵ TP, TZ, AT ‘to love’ ᵐbjum¹ mjat⁷ JL mjat⁷ TP, TZ, AT 3 Indeed the JR Southern Sui pronunciation for ‘sun’ is ⁿda¹ van¹, even though JR retains preglottalised stops. Table 6.12. Dialect variants shared by Pandong dialect and Eastern Sui English Sandong SD Pandong variant Eastern Sui variant ‘seed’ van¹ pən³ PD, JL a pən³ DJ, SJ, RL ‘handkerchief’ ʔmaːn⁵ fja³ PD, JL fja³ DJ, SJ, RL, +Southern ‘toilet’ kʰuŋ³ tiŋ² PD tiŋ² RL ‘friend’ ȶiu⁵ naːu⁵ tsau⁶ PD naːu⁵ tsau⁶ RL, SJ ‘to rinse mouth’ ʔun³ lju³ PD, JL lju³ RL, SJ, +TP ‘to be’ ⁿdum³, dju² tiəŋ³ PD, JL tjaːŋ³ DJ, SJ, RL ‘to dig’ tsət⁸ kok⁷ JL qok⁷ DJ a Sandong and other Sui dialects also have p ən³ in the sense of ‘type of person or thing 种 ’

6.4.2 Yang’an Sui dialect variants