20. My neighbour hung up the meat because he wanted to dry it. But it all went mouldy and he had no
choice but to throw it all away. 21.
While she was cutting vegetables she cut off her fingernail. There was a lot of blood, and her elder sister helped her to bandage up the wound.
22. The night before yesterday, a strong wind blew open the door. Everyone thought it was a ghost and
went and hid. 23.
She hadn’t done anything wrong but she was scolded by her mother-in-law. She was very angry and didn’t say a single word all afternoon.
24. Two children walked into a cave to look for bats, but they went too far in and got lost. The adults
finally found them after searching for two days. 25.
That boy wearing the yellow clothes is taking a fat monkey for a walk up and down the street. 26.
I remember when I was young my grandmother was always saying that I was too skinny, so at that time I ate an awful lot of rice every dinner.
27. In three weeks’ time I am getting married. You must all come and join in my wedding celebrations.
28. I had thought that the ground here would be very easy to till. It turned out that it was really hard
and quite exhausting because it is really rocky.
1.3 Group C
29. It hasn’t rained for a long time so the corn is not growing very tall at all. Father is very worried
about it. 30.
He worked all day in the fields and he got very sunburnt - his skin went as black as charcoal. 31.
After drinking too much liquor he went and got into a fight with someone. He came home injured from the fight.
32. In the autumn while we were harvesting the rice, lots of locusts were flying about in the fields and
all the children tried to catch them. 33.
Two days before New Year before it got light, our mother got up early to boil sticky rice in preparation for making sticky rice cakes.
34. We raise six chickens in our household. The hens often lay so we get several eggs every day.
35. A child went to play by the side of the pond. She wasn’t paying attention, fell into the pond and
almost drowned. 36.
Last night I had a dream. In the dream I was up on the mountain hunting. A tiger chased me and I was frightened out of my wits.
37. Yesterday she went to pick peppercorns. She scratched her hands badly, but she carried on picking
and in the end brought a big bag of peppercorns home. 38.
He climbed up a tree and picked lots of sweet fruit. He gave the fruit to a very pretty girl. 39.
You mustn’t disturb her, she is doing her homework. She will come and play with you when she’s finished.
40. Someone brought a little baby and put it in the doorway of my maternal uncle’s house. My uncle
didn’t have any children himself, so he took the baby in and brought it up. 41.
They asked that elder sister who was carrying a basket on her back, “Where do you come from?” 42.
If I see you bullying someone again like that, I’ll send you to the kitchen to wash dishes for a whole month.
2 GC Gucheng, Central RTT sentences
2.1 Group A
1. man ¹
1SG ha
³ kill
ti ³
one to²
CLF m̥u⁵
pig ,
qaːi³ take
naːn⁴ meat
man² fatoil
paːi¹ go
joŋ² extract
, ʔdat⁷
some man²
fatoil tsa
⁵ DEM
tum ⁴
enough man
¹ 1SG
tsje ¹
eat ti
³ one
njeːn² month
ljeu² PERF
.
2. fai ⁶
maternal.aunt man
¹ 1SG
ɕin¹ become
ȶiːt⁷ ill
ljeu² PERF
, tsje ¹
eat ti
⁶ ti³ a.little
ha² medicine
ʔma¹ vegetable
, ȶiːt⁷
ill qo
³ then
ʔdaːi¹ good
ljeu² PERF
,
pjeːn³ afterwards
qo ³
then paːi¹
go li
⁴ do
qoŋ¹ work
ʔdai³ CAP
ljeu² PERF
.
3. man ¹
1SG paːi¹
go huŋ⁵
pasture po
⁴ ox
, me² NEG
qau ⁵
look.at ʔdaːi¹
well , po
⁴ ox
qo ³
then paːi¹
go ⁿdaːi⁵
field he
¹ someone.else
tsje ¹
eat laːk⁸
shoots ʔau⁴
rice ,
he ¹
someone.else qau
⁵ look.at
ⁿdo³ see
ljeu² PERF
, qo ³
then jam
¹ ask
man ¹
1SG pʰui⁴
recompense ɕeːn².
money
4. man ¹
1SG me²
NEG ɕau³
know lui²
swim , tsa
⁵ that.time
lui² swim
qo ³
then me²
NEG tʰau⁵
reach ʔdai³
CAP ʔwaːŋ⁵
bank ʔui⁵
opposite ʔnja¹
river , me²
NEG ʔdai³
CAP
nam ⁵
with zən¹
person kuŋ²
many ȵaːu⁶
at ʔui⁵
opposite li
⁴ do
qʰa¹ ʔna¹ play
.
5. man ¹
1SG ȵaːu⁶
at paːn⁵
halfway kʰun¹
road ,
niŋ⁵ on.the.way
ⁿdo³ see
ti ³
one to²
CLF hui²
snake , man
¹ 1SG
sjaːŋ⁶ want.to
ʔnon⁵ hit
, tsaːu²
PASS hui²
snake ȶiːt⁸
bite man
¹ 1SG
ti ³
one paːk⁷
mouth ljeu²
PERF .
6. man ¹
1SG paːi¹
go poŋ⁴
pond tsa
⁵ DEM
hap ⁷
catch ʔdai³
get kuŋ²
many mum
⁶ fish
, pjeːn³
afterwards paːi¹
go ʔdai³
get kuŋ²
many ŋam²,
chives qaːi³
take taŋ¹
come
li ⁴
make mum
⁶ fish
vjin ⁵ lən²
offer.sacrifices twa
³ Dwa.festival
.
7. man ¹
1SG haːŋ⁵
bury ȶum¹
gold ȵan²
silver ȵaːu⁶
at ʁaːu³
in hum
⁵ earth
, ʔan⁵
consider sot
⁷ tell
ⁿdjoŋ³ place
tsa ⁵
DEM ʔdaːi¹
good ljeu²
PERF , qo
³ then
ŋaːi⁴ PASS
he ¹
someone.else ljak
⁷ steal
paːi¹ go
ʔai⁵ again
.
8. laːk⁸
son qa
⁰ laːu⁴ old.man
tsa ⁵
DEM ȵaːu⁶
at ʁaːu³
in ʔbaːn³
village naːi⁶
this ɕin¹
become laːk⁸
child ton
⁴ most
ɣaːi⁵ clever
, man ¹
1SG ȵaːu⁶
at ʁaːu³
in ʔbaːn³
village
naːi⁶ this
ɕin¹ become
laːk⁸ child
qa ¹
study ta
¹ ɕo² university
ton ⁴
most ʔjit⁷
first .
9. man ¹
1SG paːi¹
go ʔaːu¹
get ⁿdjit⁷
firewood ,
ŋaːi⁴ PASS
qat ⁷
cut tin
¹ foot
, qo ³
then ʔaːu¹
needmust ɕi⁵
four ʔai³
CLF zən¹
person tjuŋ¹
carry man
¹ 1SG
paːi¹ go
ji ³ vjeːn¹
hospital qau
⁵ look.at
ȶiːt⁷ wound
.
10. ȶin¹ ⁿdiu¹
1PL.EX sau
³ roast
man² haːn³
sweet.potato , sau
³ roast
ʔo⁵ burnt
ljeu² PERF
, me² NEG
qʰan¹ tasty
ȶi³ kuŋ² much
ha ¹
NEG ,
ʔai³ laːu⁴ adult
ʔnam³ often
sot ⁷
tell ⁿdiu¹
1PL.EX lan
⁶ tsjeːn⁶ waste
man² haːn³
sweet.potato .
11. pən³
thing ʔnaŋ⁵
salty ,
pən³ thing
hum ³
sour ,
pən³ thing
ljaːn⁵ spicy
, man ¹
1SG pu
³ all
me² NEG
maŋ⁴ like
tsje ¹
eat ,
maŋ⁴ like
tsje ¹
eat laːu³
only pən³
thing ljeːn⁶
sweet
ha ¹
PART ,
haŋ² lən² afterwards
vjen ¹
tooth pu
³ all
tok ⁷
fall paːi¹
go liu
⁴ completely
ljeu² PERF
.
12. ŋ̥ai⁵
hear fan²
say van
¹ ʔmu³ tomorrow
tok ⁷
fall fən¹
rain , lui
⁵ come down
to ¹
door ʔaːu¹
needmust tai²
take tjum
¹ umbrella
tsan ⁶
along.with lən²
after ,
me² ha ¹
otherwise tsaːu²
PASS ʔɣak⁷
wet fən¹
rain qo
³ then
ɕin¹ become
sja ³
fever .
13. tsaːu⁴
originally tsa
⁵ DEM
ju² 1SG
mi ⁴
not.yet ɣo⁴ ʔme¹
know ni
⁴ ʔbjaːk⁷ wife
ju² 1SG
, ju² 1SG
jin² every
ᵐbe¹ year
pu ³
all nam
⁵ with
ȶi³ several
ʔai³ person
man ¹
1SG paːi¹
go hən²
place ʔdi¹
far li
⁴ do
qoŋ¹ work
.
14. tsoŋ¹
if ȵa²
2SG ʔaːu¹
want paːi¹
go qum
¹ rooftop
ɣaːn² house
tsa ⁵
DEM ,
ɣaːn² house
ʔwaːŋ⁵ side
si ⁴
left tsa
⁵ DEM
ʔnaŋ¹ have
ti ³
one lam
¹ CLF
ʔde³ ladderstairs
ʔɣaːi³ long
, ȵa²
2SG ho
⁴ from
ⁿdjoŋ³ place
tsa ⁵
that paːi¹
go ʔdai³
CAP .
2.2 Group B