Tones Sound changes according to age strata Initials Finals Tones Sound changes according to age strata

Notes: ① Short a can also be pronounced [ ɐ] free variation. ② ai is usually pronounced [ei] after palatal initials and [ ɜi] elsewhere. ③ au is pronounced closer to [ ɐu]. ④ e is pronounced more like [ ɛ] or [æ]. ⑤ ə is pronounced [ɪ] when it occurs after palatals. ⑥ o is usually diphthongised to [o ɐ] or [uɐ] after palatals. ⑦ um, uŋ, up and uk are pronounced as [om], [oŋ], [op] sometimes [əp] and [ok] respectively.

12.3 Tones

1212 251 333 442 525 655 7S 44 7L 25 8S 33 8L 42 Figure G.23. SW: Pitch plot for tones on unchecked syllables. Figure G.24. SW: Pitch plot for tones on checked syllables.

12.4 Sound changes according to age strata

① The old speaker usually pronounced f as [hw]. 13 TN Yang’an Data point: Tangnian, Tanglian village, Benzhai Sui district, Dushan county Sui place name: l ən¹ jaːŋ², maːn³ ⁿdam¹ ȵaːn² Wordlist informants: Wei Zhangxian 韦 章 显 ， Wei Zhangguo 韦 章国

13.1 Initials

p p ʰ ᵐb m f v t tʰ ⁿd n̥ n l ts tsʰ s z ȶ ȶʰ ȵ̥ ȵ ɕ j k kʰ ŋ̊ ŋ x ɣ q qʰ ʔ h h̃ pj pʰj ᵐbj mj fj vj tʰj ⁿdj nj lj tsj sj xj kw ŋw h̃w Notes: ① ȶ is pronounced closer to [tɕ]. ② ɣ can also be pronounced [ⁿɡ] free variation. ③ Nasalisation on h̃ and h̃w initials is usually realised on the following vowel.

13.2 Finals

i e a o u ə ɿ aːi ai oi, õi ui iu eu aːu au im em aːm am om um in en aːn an on un ən iŋ eŋ aːŋ aŋ oŋ uŋ əŋ ip ep aːp ap op up it et aːt at ot ut ət ik ek aːk ak ok uk ək Notes: ① ai is pronounced closer to [ ɜi]. ② au is pronounced closer to [ ɐu]. ③ ə is pronounced [ɪ] or [e] when it occurs after palatals. ④ e is pronounced closer to [ ɛː]. ⑤ o is pronounced closer to [ ɔː]. ⑥ um, uŋ, up and uk are pronounced [om], [oŋ], [ʊp] and [ʊk] respectively.

13.3 Tones

122 231 333 451 535 623 7S 44 7L 24 8S 22 8L 32 Tone 3 in modern Chinese loanwords is pronounced as an auxiliary Tone 6 written as 6 in TN Sui. The tone value for Tone 6 is 44. For example, ‘newspaper’ Southwest Mandarin paːu²tsɿ³ TN Sui paːu¹tsɿ⁶ paːu²²tsɿ⁴⁴. Figure G.25. TN: Pitch plot for tones on unchecked syllables. Figure G.26. TN: Pitch plot for tones on checked syllables.

13.4 Sound changes according to age strata

① The young speaker usually pronounced ȵ̥ and ŋ̊w as [h̃j] and [h̃w] respectively. 14 BL Yang’an Data point: Banliang village, Tangzhou district, Sandu county Sui place name: l ən¹ pə³ ljaːŋ², maːn³ pə³ ljaːŋ² Wordlist informants: Wu Zhituan 吴支 团 ， Wu Haitiao 吴海祧 ， Wu Zongxiang 吴宗祥 ， Wu Zongyuan 吴宗愿 ， Wu Yuanxiong 吴 远 兄

14.1 Initials