Initials Finals Tones Sound changes according to age strata

227 Appendix G: Wordlist phonology sketches Note regarding description of tones: Tone categories are shown using numbers 1 to 8, as explained in chapter 2, section 3.2.4. Tones 7 and 8 are often realised differently depending on whether the rime nucleus is short i.e. a single, short vowel or long i.e. a single, long vowel or a diphthong. Thus 7S refers to Tone 7 short, 7L refers to Tone 7 long, etc. Phonetic realisations of tone categories are shown in parentheses and transcribed using Chao’s 1930 pitch scale of 1 to 5, where 5 indicates the highest pitch and 1 indicates the lowest pitch. The same pitch number repeated indicates a level tone, and different pitch numbers in succession indicate contour. For example, 55 indicates a high, level tone; 24 indicates a mid, rising tone; and 213 represents a low, dipping tone. 1 SD Sandong, Central Data point: Shuigen village, Sandong district, Sandu county Sui place name: h ən² toŋ⁶, ʔbaːn³ qan² Wordlist informants: Pan Yute 潘玉特 ， Pan Fangkuo 潘方扩 ， Pan Caixie 潘才协 ， Pan Caixi 潘才西

1.1 Initials

p p ʰ ᵐb ʔb m̥ m ʔm f v ʔw t tʰ ⁿd ʔd n̥ n ʔn l ts tsʰ s z ȶ ȶʰ ȵ̥ ȵ ʔȵ ɕ j ʔj k kʰ ŋ̊ ŋ ʔŋ ɣ ʔɣ q qʰ ʁ ʔ h pj pʰj ᵐbj ʔbj m̥j mj fj vj tʰj ⁿdj ʔdj n̥j nj ʔnj lj tsj sj tw ʔdw lw kw kʰw ŋw ʔŋw Notes: ① f can also be pronounced [ ɸ] or [hw] free variation. ② v can also be pronounced [ ʋ] or [w] free variation. ③ j can also be prononounced [ ʑ] free variation. ④ ɕ can also be pronounced [hj] free varation. ⑤ h is pronounced [ç] or [x] when it occurs before i. ⑥ When h occurs before [a] it is pronounced [ħ]. ⑦ ɣ, ʔɣ and ʁ are usually pronounced [ⁿɡ], [ʔɡ] and [ᶰɢ] respectively.

1.2 Finals

i e ẽ a o u ə aːi ai oi ui iu eu aːu au im em aːm am om um in en aːn an on un ən iŋ eŋ aːŋ aŋ oŋ uŋ əŋ ip ep aːp ap op up it et aːt at ot ut ət ik ek aːk ak ok uk ək Notes: ① Short a is pronounced more like [ ɐ]. ② ai is pronounced [ei] or [ ɜi] when it occurs after palatal initials. ③ au is pronounced as [ ɔu]. ④ e is pronounced as [e] after palatals and [ ɛ] elsewhere. ⑤ ə is pronounced as [ɪ] after palatals. ⑥ o is usually closer to [ ɔ], sometimes it is pronounced as a glide [ɔɐ]. ⑦ u in ut is a long vowel, viz. [u ːt]; u in up and uk is a short vowel, pronounced [ʊ]. ⑧ u in um and u ŋ is closer to [o]. ⑨ When ui occurs after uvular or glottal initials, it is pronounced closer to [oi].

1.3 Tones

1 13 2 31 3 33 4 53 5 35 6 55 7S 55 7L 24 8S 44 8L 33 Figure G1. SD: Pitch plot for tones on unchecked syllables. Figure G2. SD: Pitch plot for tones on checked syllables.

1.4 Sound changes according to age strata

① When ə occurs after palatalised onsets, the young speaker often did not pronounce the palatal glide, for example ‘strength’ lj ək⁸ lɪk⁸. ② The middle-aged speaker often pronounced ɕ as [h] and ʔɣ as [ʔɣ] instead of [ʔɡ] as pronounced by the young and old speakers. 2 ZH Sandong, Central Data point: Hezhai village, Zhonghe township, Sandu county Sui place name: h ən² tsjəŋ², ʔbaːn³ ʔnja¹ Wordlist informants: Shi Jianbo 石剑波 ， Shi Mingzhang 石明章 ， Lu Qinlong 陆钦龙 ， Shi Changxing 石昌兴

2.1 Initials