PKS -ik, -ek, - Rimes

5.4.4 PKS -

iŋ, -eŋ loanwords partial merger in Tangzhou TZ and Tingpai TP Just as there was no phonemic distinction between -i and -e on open syllables in PKS, we suspect that the same was true for closed syllables in agreement with Thurgood. Table 5.47 shows correspondences for - iŋ and -eŋ in Sui dialects. Southern and Eastern Sui are consistent with Central Sui SD. We suspect that words with - eŋ are all loanwords e.g., ‘to lean’ seŋ⁵ 向 EMC xɨaŋ C ; ‘congee’ qeŋ¹ 羹 EMC k əɨjŋ A k ɛːjŋ A ; and ‘likeness’ ɕeŋ⁵ 相 sɨaŋ C . In TZ and TP, the rimes on these loanwords assimilated to native - iŋ in certain environments, whereas other Sui dialects, and Kam, retained a phonemic distinction. Words with -em and -en mostly occur in conjunction with palatalised onsets and were discussed in section 5.3.1 see table 5.40. 28 Table 5.47. PKS iŋ first four words and eŋ last six words, Chinese loans?. Words showing - iŋ indicated by double lines Sandong Pandong Yang’an Kam Central Western Gloss SD TZ TP AT PD JL TN BL ‘expensive’ ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹ - - ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹ - ‘branch’ tsiŋ⁵ tsiŋ⁵ tsiŋ⁵ tsiŋ⁵ kiŋ⁵ ts əŋ⁵ ȶiŋ⁵ ȶiŋ⁵ ȶiŋ⁵ ‘ginger’ siŋ¹ siŋ¹ siŋ¹ siŋ¹ ɕiŋ¹ s əŋ¹ siŋ¹ siŋ¹ ɕiŋ¹ ‘beautiful’ kiŋ³ kiŋ³ kiŋ³ kiŋ³ kiŋ³ kaːŋ⁶ † kiŋ³ kiŋ³ - ‘throw away’ p ɛŋ⁵ - piŋ⁵ - - p ɛŋ⁵ p ɛːŋ⁵ pɛːŋ⁵ pe ŋ⁵ ‘to lean’ s ɛŋ⁵ siŋ⁵ siŋ⁵ s ɛːŋ⁵ ɕiəŋ⁵ sɛŋ⁵ s ɛːŋ⁵ s ɛːŋ⁵ ɕeŋ⁵ ‘wok’ ts ɛŋ⁶ tsiŋ⁶ tsiŋ⁶ ts ɛːŋ⁶ - - taːu¹ - - ‘congee’ q ɛŋ¹ qeŋ¹ ȶiŋ¹ - - - qeŋ¹ - qeŋ¹ ‘wok stand’ kweŋ² kweŋ² kwɛːŋ² kwɛːŋ² kiəŋ² kiŋ² kiŋ² kw ɛːŋ² - ‘likeness’ ɕeŋ⁵ ɕiəŋ⁵ ɕiːɛŋ⁵ hiɛŋ⁵ hi əŋ⁵ hiəŋ⁵ hiŋ⁵ hiŋ⁵ - † The young speaker we recorded said kjaːŋ⁶, the two older speakers said kaːŋ⁶.

5.4.5 PKS -ik, -ek, -

aːk mergers in Tangzhou TZ, Tingpai TP and Jiaoli JL As with -eN, words with -eC[-nas] also appear to be old Chinese loanwords. Data in table 5.48 indicate that, unlike with - eŋ and -iŋ, a merger of -ek and -ik has not taken place in TZ and TP, even though the vowel quality of e has raised to [ ɪ] in TZ and diphthongised to [əi] in TP. However, our recordings from younger speakers in these two locations show that -ik and -ek have totally merged, both pronounced - ɪk with a short vowel nucleus in most Sui dialects, i and e are realised as long vowels when preceding-k. In JL Pandong dialect, -i- has diphthongised to -i ɛ- before -k, merging with -ja- in the same environment see section 5.3.1, table 5.41 above. 28 With the exception of ‘to complain’ ʔwin⁵ TZ, ʔwen⁵ other Sandong dialects. Table 5.48. - eːk, -aːk, -iːk correspondences. -ik, -jaːk merger indicated by double lines, other changes in vowel quality shaded in grey Sandong Pandong Yang’an Kam Central Western Gloss EMC PKS SD TZ TP PD JL BL ‘guest’ 客 kʰɛːjk D h ɛːk⁷ h ɪk⁷ h əik⁷ heːk⁷ hæːk⁷ qʰɛːk⁷ ʔek⁹ ‘hundred’ 百 p ɛːjk D p ɛːk⁷ p ɪk⁷ p əik⁷ peːk⁷ pæːk⁷ pɛːk⁷ pek⁹ ‘to tear into two’ praːk D pjaːk⁷ p ɪk⁷ p əik⁷ peːk⁷ - p ɛːk⁷ jaːk⁹ ‘taro’ ɓraːk D ʔɣaːk⁷ ʔɣeːk⁷ ʔɣaːk⁷ - - ja⁵ jaːk⁹ ‘to exchange’ hlik D liːk⁷ liːk⁷ liːk⁷ ljik⁷ li ɛʔ⁷ liːk⁷ - ‘full’ tik D tiːk⁷ tiːk⁷ tiːk⁷ tik⁷ ti ɛ⁵ tiːk⁷ tik⁹ ‘bland’ - jiːk⁷ jiːk⁷ jiːk⁷ jik⁷ ji ɛʔ⁷ siːk⁷ - ‘to lick’ - ljaːk⁷ liek⁷ liːak⁷ li ɐk⁷ li ɛʔ⁷ lja² lja² ‘female’ ɓjaːk D ʔbjaːk⁷ ʔmiek⁷ ʔbiːak⁷ ᵐbiɐk⁷ ᵐbiɛʔ⁷ mjaːk⁷ mjek⁹ ‘duck’ 鴨 ʔaɨp D ʔɛːp D ʔɛːp⁷ ʔeːp⁷ ʔəip⁷ ʔeːp⁷ ʔɛːp⁷ ʔɛːp⁷ - 5.4.6 PKS -uk and - uːk merger in Jiaoli JL Thurgood reconstructs only one back vowel in closed syllables, PKS -u-, and accounts for the phonemic distinction between -oC and -uC in modern Kam-Sui languages by positing a length distinction, viz. PKS uC and PKS uːC respectively. In Jiaoli JL, PKS -uk and -uːk have merged and are both pronounced ɔɐk phonemically ok. This is illustrated in table 5.49. If Thurgood’s reconstruction is correct, the merger of PKS uC and PKS uːC to -ɔɐk is the result of a lengthening of PKS -uk followed by a wholesale lowering of -u which occurred in all varieties of Sui; u is commonly lowered to [ ʊ] or [o] before velar codas and a vowel breaking ɔ ɔɐ which occurs on long vowels with consonant codas in many Sui dialects. Table 5.49. Merger of PKS - uːk and -uk in JL Pandong, indicated by double lines