5.4.4 PKS -
iŋ, -eŋ loanwords partial merger in Tangzhou TZ and Tingpai TP
Just as there was no phonemic distinction between -i and -e on open syllables in PKS, we suspect that the same was true for closed syllables in agreement with Thurgood. Table 5.47 shows correspondences for -
iŋ and -eŋ in Sui dialects. Southern and Eastern Sui are consistent with Central Sui SD. We suspect that words with -
eŋ are all loanwords e.g., ‘to lean’ seŋ⁵ 向 EMC xɨaŋ
C
; ‘congee’ qeŋ¹
羹 EMC
k əɨjŋ
A
k ɛːjŋ
A
; and ‘likeness’ ɕeŋ⁵ 相 sɨaŋ
C
. In TZ and TP, the rimes on these loanwords assimilated to native -
iŋ in certain environments, whereas other Sui dialects, and Kam, retained a phonemic distinction. Words with -em and -en mostly occur in conjunction with palatalised onsets and were
discussed in section 5.3.1 see table 5.40.
28
Table 5.47. PKS iŋ first four words and eŋ last six words, Chinese loans?.
Words showing - iŋ indicated by double lines
Sandong Pandong
Yang’an Kam
Central Western
Gloss SD
TZ TP
AT PD
JL TN
BL ‘expensive’
ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹
ᵐbiŋ¹ -
- ᵐbiŋ¹ ᵐbiŋ¹
- ‘branch’
tsiŋ⁵ tsiŋ⁵
tsiŋ⁵ tsiŋ⁵
kiŋ⁵ ts
əŋ⁵ ȶiŋ⁵
ȶiŋ⁵ ȶiŋ⁵
‘ginger’ siŋ¹
siŋ¹ siŋ¹
siŋ¹ ɕiŋ¹
s əŋ¹
siŋ¹ siŋ¹
ɕiŋ¹ ‘beautiful’
kiŋ³ kiŋ³
kiŋ³ kiŋ³
kiŋ³ kaːŋ⁶ † kiŋ³
kiŋ³ -
‘throw away’ p
ɛŋ⁵ -
piŋ⁵ -
- p
ɛŋ⁵ p
ɛːŋ⁵ pɛːŋ⁵ pe
ŋ⁵ ‘to lean’
s ɛŋ⁵
siŋ⁵ siŋ⁵
s ɛːŋ⁵
ɕiəŋ⁵ sɛŋ⁵ s
ɛːŋ⁵ s
ɛːŋ⁵ ɕeŋ⁵
‘wok’ ts
ɛŋ⁶ tsiŋ⁶
tsiŋ⁶ ts
ɛːŋ⁶ -
- taːu¹
- -
‘congee’ q
ɛŋ¹ qeŋ¹
ȶiŋ¹ -
- -
qeŋ¹ -
qeŋ¹ ‘wok stand’
kweŋ² kweŋ² kwɛːŋ² kwɛːŋ² kiəŋ² kiŋ²
kiŋ² kw
ɛːŋ² - ‘likeness’
ɕeŋ⁵ ɕiəŋ⁵ ɕiːɛŋ⁵ hiɛŋ⁵
hi əŋ⁵ hiəŋ⁵
hiŋ⁵ hiŋ⁵
- † The young speaker we recorded said
kjaːŋ⁶, the two older speakers said kaːŋ⁶.
5.4.5 PKS -ik, -ek, -
aːk mergers in Tangzhou TZ, Tingpai TP and Jiaoli JL
As with -eN, words with -eC[-nas] also appear to be old Chinese loanwords. Data in table 5.48 indicate that, unlike with -
eŋ and -iŋ, a merger of -ek and -ik has not taken place in TZ and TP, even though the vowel quality of e has raised to [
ɪ] in TZ and diphthongised to [əi] in TP. However, our recordings from younger speakers in these two locations show that -ik and -ek have totally merged, both
pronounced - ɪk with a short vowel nucleus in most Sui dialects, i and e are realised as long vowels
when preceding-k. In JL Pandong dialect, -i- has diphthongised to -i ɛ- before -k, merging with -ja- in
the same environment see section 5.3.1, table 5.41 above.
28
With the exception of ‘to complain’ ʔwin⁵ TZ, ʔwen⁵ other Sandong dialects.
Table 5.48. - eːk, -aːk, -iːk correspondences. -ik, -jaːk merger indicated by double lines,
other changes in vowel quality shaded in grey Sandong
Pandong Yang’an
Kam Central
Western Gloss
EMC PKS SD
TZ TP
PD JL
BL ‘guest’
客 kʰɛːjk
D
h ɛːk⁷
h ɪk⁷
h əik⁷
heːk⁷ hæːk⁷ qʰɛːk⁷
ʔek⁹ ‘hundred’
百 p
ɛːjk
D
p ɛːk⁷
p ɪk⁷
p əik⁷
peːk⁷ pæːk⁷ pɛːk⁷
pek⁹ ‘to tear into
two’ praːk
D
pjaːk⁷ p
ɪk⁷ p
əik⁷ peːk⁷
- p
ɛːk⁷ jaːk⁹
‘taro’ ɓraːk
D
ʔɣaːk⁷ ʔɣeːk⁷ ʔɣaːk⁷ -
- ja⁵
jaːk⁹ ‘to exchange’
hlik
D
liːk⁷ liːk⁷
liːk⁷ ljik⁷
li ɛʔ⁷
liːk⁷ -
‘full’ tik
D
tiːk⁷ tiːk⁷
tiːk⁷ tik⁷
ti ɛ⁵
tiːk⁷ tik⁹
‘bland’ -
jiːk⁷ jiːk⁷
jiːk⁷ jik⁷
ji ɛʔ⁷
siːk⁷ -
‘to lick’ -
ljaːk⁷ liek⁷
liːak⁷ li
ɐk⁷ li
ɛʔ⁷ lja²
lja² ‘female’
ɓjaːk
D
ʔbjaːk⁷ ʔmiek⁷ ʔbiːak⁷ ᵐbiɐk⁷ ᵐbiɛʔ⁷ mjaːk⁷ mjek⁹
‘duck’ 鴨
ʔaɨp
D
ʔɛːp
D
ʔɛːp⁷ ʔeːp⁷
ʔəip⁷ ʔeːp⁷
ʔɛːp⁷ ʔɛːp⁷
- 5.4.6
PKS -uk and - uːk merger in Jiaoli JL
Thurgood reconstructs only one back vowel in closed syllables, PKS -u-, and accounts for the phonemic distinction between -oC and -uC in modern Kam-Sui languages by positing a length distinction, viz. PKS
uC and PKS uːC respectively. In Jiaoli JL, PKS -uk and -uːk have merged and are both pronounced
ɔɐk phonemically ok. This is illustrated in table 5.49. If Thurgood’s reconstruction is correct, the merger of PKS uC and PKS
uːC to -ɔɐk is the result of a lengthening of PKS -uk followed by a wholesale lowering of -u which occurred in all varieties of Sui; u is commonly lowered to [
ʊ] or [o] before velar codas and a vowel breaking
ɔ ɔɐ which occurs on long vowels with consonant codas in many Sui dialects.
Table 5.49. Merger of PKS - uːk and -uk in JL Pandong, indicated by double lines