translation. However, both have similarity in analyzing the translation of figurative language in the novel and its translation.
B. Conceptual Framework
This research aims to analyze how figurative language in the novel is translated. The data concern with the translation of figurative language in 9 Summers
10 Autumns. It also employs the translation product to evaluate the quality of translation of figurative language. To get further analysis, the research focuses on the
types of figurative language, the translation techniques and the equivalence in terms of sense and form.
As the framework of the research analysis, some theories are applied. The theories help the researcher analyze the problems formulation of the research and to
measure the quality of equivalence in terms of sense and form. In addition, this research employs translation as product which is the result of aesthetic-poetic
translation because it is related to the translation of figurative language. Figurative language and its translation are the main focus of the problem.
They are combined with the relevant theories which are types of figurative language, translation techniques and parameter equivalence. In assessing the quality of
translation of figurative language, the researcher adapts from another research which has similarity to determine in terms of meaning and style equivalence.
Related to the research, there are three frameworks as the foundation of the research. The first theory applied is types of figurative language. According to
DiYanni 2001, figurative language is classified into seven types. They are including hyperbole, litotes, synecdoche, metonymy, personification, metaphor and simile.
The other theory dealing with the research is translation techniques. They are derived from Guerra’s technique. The term technique is more appropriate to this
research because it focuses on the translation product. He divides translation techniques into fifteen techniques, such as adaptation, borrowing, calque,
compensation, compression, description, equivalence, explication, generalization, literal
translation, modulation,
particularization, substitution
linguistic- paralinguistic, transposition and variation. The additional mixed translation
techniques are also added because the use of multiple translation techniques is possible in translating text.
The last theory applied in this research is equivalence. It aims to assess the quality of translation product by using parameter equivalence. As the foundation of
equivalence theory, this research adapts from Nida and Taber. The equivalence involves two components which are sense and form. Meanwhile, the parameter of
degree of equivalence adapts from Andy Bayu Nugroho’s research which employs to
assess the quality of pun translation. There are four points classified to assess, namelyfully equivalent expression, partly equivalent expression, non-equivalent
expression, and unrealized expression.
Table 1: TheParameter of Degree of Equivalence
Degree of Equivalence
The Result of Translation Phenomena
Fully Equivalent Expression
Figurative language in the target text is translated as same as the source text. Meaning and style figurative
language is perceived.
Partly Equivalent Expression
Figurative language in the source text is translated into different figurative language in the target text which has
the same meaning but the style is different from the source text.
Figurative language in the source text is translated into non-figurative language. The meaning of the target text
is as same as the source text, but the style is different. Figurative language in the source text is translated into
the same figurative language in the target text. The meaning of the source text is as same as the source text
but the style is different.
Non-Equivalent Expression
Figurative language is translated into non-figurative language. The meaning and the style are different.
Figurative language in the source text is translated into figurative language in the target text but it has different
meaning from the source text. Unrealized
Expression Figurative language is not translated in the target text.
C. Analytical Construct
