Literal Translation Modulation Particularization

i. Generalization

Its purpose in translating is to replace the source text into a more general target text. For example: SE : “Termenung di atas becak, melihat matahari menyongsongkan sinarnya sekedar untuk menghangatkan alam ini. ” TE : “Plunged in thought on the vehicle, seeing the sunlight covering, this nature becomes warmer.” Since becak is merely available in the target text, the translator translated into a word more general which is vehicle. Furthermore, the translation technique used is categorized as generalization.

j. Literal Translation

It is called as a ‘word-for-word’ translation. It is a translation strategy that is used mostly used to translatewords which have the same family and culture. Although literal translation can be called as word-for-word translation, the translator also pays attention to the sense between source text and target text. This technique is commonly used by the translator in translating. Newmark 1988:12 states that literal translation is the way of translating source text into target text by converting to the nearest target text equivalent, while the lexical words are translated singly. For example: SE : “Dia pahlawan hidupku .” TE : “She’s the heroine in my life.” The example shows that both texts have same sense and construct. Thus, the expression of target text is delivered as close as possible with the source text.

k. Modulation

It refers to ‘a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view’. The reason why modulation is applied is to avoid unsuitable target text so that the expression of the target text can be accepted by the target readers. Meanwhile, the meaning of the source text remains the same. For example: SE: “Aku mekar bersama mereka dan belum menghadirkan lukisan indah di rumah mereka .” TE: “I haven’t had the chance to make my grandparents happy.” Regarding the example above, the figurative language in the source text is translated into non-figurative language. Although the style is different, the message can be well delivered. Hence, the translation technique applied is categorized as modulation

l. Particularization

It is the opposite of generalization. Particularization is used by the translation to replace the source text with more precise or concrete terms. For example: SE : “Saya sarapan roti sebelum berangkat ke sekolah.” TE : “I have a toasted sandwich before I go to school.” To specify the target text, the word “roti” is translated into “sandwich” rather than “bread”. It aims to describe more details in the target text about what kind of bread that has been eaten by the speaker.

m. Substitution Linguistic-Paralinguistic