3. Characteristics of Language Theory
In translating the language, knowing the characteristic of language which affect translation is needed. According to Mildred L. Larson, in his book entitled
Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence 1984,
there are three characteristics which have a very direct bearing on principles of translation:
a. Meaning Components
Meaning components are “packaged” into lexical items, but they are “packaged‟ differently in one language than in another. Meaning components is
sometimes called as plurality, for example the English –s.
b. Same Meaning Components
The same meaning component will occur in several surface structure lexical items forms. In English, the word „sheep‟ occurs. However, the words
„lamb‟, „ram‟, and „ewe‟ also include the meaning „sheep‟.
c. Alternative Meaning
One form will be used to represent several alternative meanings. Most words have more than one meaning. There will be a primary meaning-the one
which usually comes to mind when the word is said in isolation-and secondary meanings-the additional meanings which a word has in context with other words.
4. Theory of Translation Strategy
It is not easy in translating the onomatopoeic expression. It is because of the different cultural background underlying the translator. There may be some
onomatopoeic expressions which are not translated in Indonesian lexically. This
becomes one of the reasons why translation strategy is needed. Moreover, Loescher 1991:8 defines translation strategy as a potentially conscious
procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it. This translation of onomatopoeia will face a problem if there is no lexically
meaning in the Indonesian dictionary.
Newmark 1988b mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, While translation methods relate to
whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language p.81. He goes on to refer to the following methods of translation:
Word-for-word translation : in which the SL word order is preserved and the
words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Literal translation
: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of
context.
Other methods are Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical
structures. Semantic translation: which differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text. Adaptation:
which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays comedies and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is
converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten. Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original. Idiomatic
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