The study of onomatopoeia types and translation strategies in Don Rosa`s The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck.

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xi ABSTRACT

KUSUMA, SILVIA MEGA. The Study of Onomatopoeia Types and Translation Strategies in Don Rosa’s The Lifes and Times of Scrooge Mcduck.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

Comic is a kind of reading that has so many connoisseurs in all of the world. The story of the comic is seen through the conversation inside the balloons. Comic contains pictures and many expressions such as onomatopoeia. This undergraduate thesis discusses the onomatopoeia in The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck by Don Rosa. The target language is comic Kisah Hidup Paman Gober.

For the purpose of the study, the following problems were formulated. The first problem was what types of onomatopoeia that could be found in the comic

The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck and its translation. Second problem was about the strategies used in translating the onomatopoeia that had been found.

This study was a qualitative and library research. Analysis data of this research used all the population. This comic has 7 series. The writer used all of the series.

Based on the research analysis, following were the answer to each problem. There were 63 onomatopoeic expressions that could be found in the comic. From the data, there were 40 expressions that belong to direct onomatopoeia, 16 data belong to associative onomatopoeia, and 7 expressions belong to exemplary onomatopoeia. In analyzing the data of onomatopoeia, it could be concluded that some of expressions could not be found in the dictionaries, and some could. Other finding was that some of the phonetic transcriptions were predicted in reason that they could not be found in the dictionaries. The result for the second problem was communicative translation applied in translating the onomatopoeia words. This type of translation was supported by oblique translation techniques, its name was equivalence. There were three strategies applied. Word for word translation was applied to 13 data and 50 data was using communicative translation.


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xii ABSTRAK

KUSUMA, SILVIA MEGA. The Study of Onomatopoeia Translation in Don Rosa’s The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013

Komik merupakan salah satu bacaan yang memiliki banyak penggemar di seluruh dunia. Kisah di dalam komik dapat dilihat melalui percakapan yang berada di dalam balon. Komik terdiri dari gambar-gambar dan banyak ekspresi seperti onomatopea. Studi sarjana ini membahas tentang onomatopea yang ada di dalam komik The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck karya Don Rosa. Bahasa targetnya adalah bahasa dari komik Kisah Hidup Paman Gober.

Demi tujuan studi ini, berikut adalah masalah yang disusun. Masalah yang pertama adalah apa saja onomatopea yang dapat ditemukan dalam komik the Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck dan terjemahannya dalam Kisah Hidup Paman Gober. Permasalahan yang kedua adalah strategi apa yang dipakai dalam menerjemahkan onomatopea yang telah ditemukan.

Penulis menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dan kepustakaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan keseluruhan populasi dari data. Bacaan komik ini memiliki 7 seri. Peneliti menggunakan semua seri komik tersebut.

Berdasarkan analisis penelitian, berikut adalah jawaban pada setiap masalah. Terdapat 63 ekspresi onomatopea yang didapat dalam komik. Dari data tersebut, 40 ekspresi merupakan jenis direct onomatopoeia, 16 data termasuk dalam associative onomatopoeia, dan sisanya merupakan exemplary onomatopoeia. Dalam menganalisis data onomatopea, dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat beberapa ekspresi yang tidak dapat ditemukan di dalam kamus, dan beberapa dapat ditemukan. Penemuan berikutnya adalah bahwa beberapa transkripsi fonetik dari ekspresi onomatopea diprediksi oleh penulis karena tidak dapat ditemukan di dalam kamus. Hasil dari permasalahan yang kedua adalah bahwa terjemahan komunikatif diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan kata-kata onomatopea. Tipe terjemahan ini didukung dengan teknik terjemahan oblique,

namanya adalah equivalence atau persamaan. Terdapat tiga strategi yang dipakai.

Word for word diterapkan pada 13 data dan 50 data menggunakan communicative translation.


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i

THE STUDY OF ONOMATOPOEIA TYPES AND

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

IN DON ROSA’S

THE LIFE

AND TIMES OF SCROOGE MCDUCK

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

SILVIA MEGA KUSUMA Student Number: 094214056

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2013


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ii

THE STUDY OF ONOMATOPOEIA TYPES AND

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

IN DON ROSA’S

THE LIFE

AND TIMES OF SCROOGE MCDUCK

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

SILVIA MEGA KUSUMA Student Number: 094214056

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2013


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vii

(Jeremiah 29:11)

For I know the plans I have for you,“ declares the LORD,

“plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you


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viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My deeply gratitude is for my Great Lord, Babe Jesus Christ for His unconditional love for me. Without His grace, I would not be in Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta and reach what I could only dream before. You make me learn that everything is possible with You. I would also thank my beloved family, Papa Mama Bhe, Ko Indra and Diandul, and also Pino Bhe.

I am very grateful to my advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for helping me doing this undergraduate thesis with his guidance, patience, caring, suggestion, correction, and jokes. I also thank my co-advisor Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. for helping me even though this study was not conducted yet. My gratitude is also for Anna Fitriati S.Pd., M.Hum for helping and giving me support to finish this study.

I would like to say thank my second family, Lion of Judah Cellgroup, especially Eel and Efra. This gratitude is also for my first friends, Richard and Wawan. My gratitude goes to my friends who always be with me since in first semester Emy, Ogeg, Yeyen, Ivan, Bryan, and Sheila. Much love I give to Yenni Zhou, PutriAnto, Mike, Ya Li-We Ya, Indra, and my solonity Adel Jupek Astari and Aldo Dongsaeng and for all who are too many to mention. I cannot also forget all of lecturers and staffs in English Letters Department, and for staffs who work in parking area, thank you very much for giving me lessons of this beautiful life. Above all, a prayer I send for a help from my Papi Han and Pe’ Welly.


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ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL PAGE ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE iii

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI v

MOTTO PAGE vi

DEDICATION PAGE vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

ABSTRACT x

ABSTRAK xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study 1

B. Problem Formulation 3

C. Objectives of the Study 4

D. Definition of Terms 4

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies 6

B. Review of Related Theories 9

1. Theory of Onomatopoeia 9

a. Theory of Origin of Language

i. The Pooh-pooh Theory 9

ii. The Ding Dong Theory 10

iii. The Yo-He-Ho Theory 10

iv. The Bow Wow Theory 11

v. The La-la Theory 11

b. Types of Onomatopoeia

i. Direct Onomatopoeia 11

ii. Associative Onomatopoeia 12 iii. Exemplary Onomatopoeia 12 2. Theory of Meaning

a. Lexical Meaning 14

b. Contextual Meaning 15

i. Grammatical Cohesion 16

ii. Lexical Cohesion 18

c. Cultural Meaning of Words 20

3. Theory of Characteristic of Language 21 4. Theory of Translation Strategy 22

C. Theoretical Framework 25

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

A. Areas of Research 26


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x

C. Method of the Study 26

i. Types of Data 27

ii. Data Collection 28

iii. Population 29

iv. Data Analysis 29

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Description of Research Data 31

B. Analysis Results

i. Onomatopoeic expression found in the comics 32 ii. The strategies applied to translate

onomatopoeia expressions 48

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY 64

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 66

Appendix 2 70


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xi ABSTRACT

KUSUMA, SILVIA MEGA. The Study of Onomatopoeia Types and Translation Strategies in Don Rosa’s The Lifes and Times of Scrooge Mcduck.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

Comic is a kind of reading that has so many connoisseurs in all of the world. The story of the comic is seen through the conversation inside the balloons. Comic contains pictures and many expressions such as onomatopoeia. This undergraduate thesis discusses the onomatopoeia in The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck by Don Rosa. The target language is comic Kisah Hidup Paman Gober.

For the purpose of the study, the following problems were formulated. The first problem was what types of onomatopoeia that could be found in the comic

The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck and its translation. Second problem was about the strategies used in translating the onomatopoeia that had been found.

This study was a qualitative and library research. Analysis data of this research used all the population. This comic has 7 series. The writer used all of the series.

Based on the research analysis, following were the answer to each problem. There were 63 onomatopoeic expressions that could be found in the comic. From the data, there were 40 expressions that belong to direct onomatopoeia, 16 data belong to associative onomatopoeia, and 7 expressions belong to exemplary onomatopoeia. In analyzing the data of onomatopoeia, it could be concluded that some of expressions could not be found in the dictionaries, and some could. Other finding was that some of the phonetic transcriptions were predicted in reason that they could not be found in the dictionaries. The result for the second problem was communicative translation applied in translating the onomatopoeia words. This type of translation was supported by oblique translation techniques, its name was equivalence. There were three strategies applied. Word for word translation was applied to 13 data and 50 data was using communicative translation.


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xii ABSTRAK

KUSUMA, SILVIA MEGA. The Study of Onomatopoeia Translation in Don

Rosa’s The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013

Komik merupakan salah satu bacaan yang memiliki banyak penggemar di seluruh dunia. Kisah di dalam komik dapat dilihat melalui percakapan yang berada di dalam balon. Komik terdiri dari gambar-gambar dan banyak ekspresi seperti onomatopea. Studi sarjana ini membahas tentang onomatopea yang ada di dalam komik The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck karya Don Rosa. Bahasa targetnya adalah bahasa dari komik Kisah Hidup Paman Gober.

Demi tujuan studi ini, berikut adalah masalah yang disusun. Masalah yang pertama adalah apa saja onomatopea yang dapat ditemukan dalam komik the Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck dan terjemahannya dalam Kisah Hidup Paman Gober. Permasalahan yang kedua adalah strategi apa yang dipakai dalam menerjemahkan onomatopea yang telah ditemukan.

Penulis menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dan kepustakaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan keseluruhan populasi dari data. Bacaan komik ini memiliki 7 seri. Peneliti menggunakan semua seri komik tersebut.

Berdasarkan analisis penelitian, berikut adalah jawaban pada setiap masalah. Terdapat 63 ekspresi onomatopea yang didapat dalam komik. Dari data tersebut, 40 ekspresi merupakan jenis direct onomatopoeia, 16 data termasuk dalam associative onomatopoeia, dan sisanya merupakan exemplary onomatopoeia. Dalam menganalisis data onomatopea, dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat beberapa ekspresi yang tidak dapat ditemukan di dalam kamus, dan beberapa dapat ditemukan. Penemuan berikutnya adalah bahwa beberapa transkripsi fonetik dari ekspresi onomatopea diprediksi oleh penulis karena tidak dapat ditemukan di dalam kamus. Hasil dari permasalahan yang kedua adalah bahwa terjemahan komunikatif diterapkan dalam menerjemahkan kata-kata onomatopea. Tipe terjemahan ini didukung dengan teknik terjemahan oblique,

namanya adalah equivalence atau persamaan. Terdapat tiga strategi yang dipakai.

Word for word diterapkan pada 13 data dan 50 data menggunakan communicative translation.


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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study

Many people know that poetry and novel are categorized as literary works. Due to the reason that there are some people who cannot enjoy literary works by reading novel or poetry, it will be more interesting if they can enjoy it in pictures, comics for example. Since the comic fans are not only from the country that the favorite comics were published, these works were translated into the readers‟ language.

What makes reading become interesting is that there are pictures telling about the story made by the creator. There are also some expressions that ilustrate the sounds which appear inside the story. These expressions are called onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia is often used in comics. Onomatopoeia itself is a very interesting study of language due to the naming of the sounds in every language in the world that are usually varied.

The fact about onomatopoeia is that it is different in every country. Japan comic is famous in the world, especially in United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia (http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/archives/cool/97-7-9/manga.html). They call it as manga. There must be also onomatopoeia in manga. Fr English people and Japanese, for instance, what they hear may not be the same. This case could happen in Indonesian too. Crow of rooster, for example, will show us how people with different native language hear the sound and say the spelling of it. Its sound


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in English is cockadoodledoo, Japanase is kokekkoko while in Indonesia is

kukuruyuk. The sound of knocking the door in English goes to knock-knock, but in Indonesian, it is tok-tok.

Transferring the idea and meaning from source language into target language may not be easy. The idea is not only transferring the words into words, but also the culture that is carried by the language itself. Onomatopoeia is phenomenon that is wholly related to culture. In translating the words of onomatopoeia, the way to translate is important. Meaning to say, translation strategies are the key to deliver the meaning succesfully.

To deliver the message of the comic‟s author, the translator must translate into the compact sentences, considering that the space given is limit due to the screen of the comic is comic strips. In this study, it is hoped that researchers can learn in translating the target language into the compact source translation so that the message still can be delivered well, understandable, readable, and accurate for the readers to enjoy the comic itself.

One of Don Rosa‟s works is Donald Duck and Scrooge Mcduck. These comics were translated into so many different languages in the world, including Indonesian. There is no doubt that onomatopoeia also appears in this comic, since this comic tells about the life of animal, which is duck, living like a human being.

By reading of the comic of Don Rosa entitled The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck, there are many interesting points, especially in onomatopoeia. Following is the example:


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Source Text English Crack

Target Text Indonesian Ctar

In this context, the character whipped the horse so that it made a sound of Crack

in English and it is translated into Ctar Indonesian. Indonesian people are not accustomed to hear the whipping of the whip as Crack, but Ctar.

Another example that was found is that there is no translation in the onomatopoeia words from the Source Text into the Target Text. In one of the pages from the Source Text, there is onomatopoeia foof which shows the effect of the changing of the character into another using magic, but in the Target Text, there is no translation on it. Beside those examples, there are still a lot of the phenomena of onomatopoeia translation occur in this translation. Because of the phenomenon, the writer was intended to find the translation strategy.

B. Problem Formulation

There are two questions formulated in this study. The first question relates to the onomatopoeic expression found, while the second question concerns with the translation strategy. Those two questions are:

1. What are the types of onomatopoea expressions in The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck and their translation in Kisah Hidup Paman Gober?

2. What are the strategies used by the translator in translating onomatopoeic expressions?


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C. Objectives of the Study

There are two objectives of the study. This is to answer problems that formulated by the writer. An object may have its own types and kinds. Onomatopoeia has its types as well. This study is conducted to find out the types of the onomatopoeia which is found in the comic The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck.

This study is about translation where the source language of onomatopoeic expression was translated into target language. Therefore the second objective is to identify the translation strategy that was used by the translator in transferring the idea and meaning of the English onomatopoeia into Indonesian.

D. Definition of Terms

It is important to make one understanding about the study. This is built to avoid misunderstanding on certain terms as key words of the study. Therefore, the definition about the title of this study must be explained.

Onomatopoeia. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary reports the onomatopoeia is derived from the Greek onoma which means „name‟ and poiein

which means „to make‟. Based on Khweler Literary Terms, it is the use of sounds

that are similar to the noise they represent for a rhetorical or artistic effect.

Translation Strategy. It is not easy in translating the onomatopoeic expression. It is because of the different cultural background underlying the translator. There may be some onomatopoeic expressions which are not translated in Indonesian lexically. This becomes one of the reasons why translation strategy


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is needed. Moreover, Loescher (1991:8) defines translation strategy as “a

potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text,

or any segment of it.” This translation of onomatopoeia will face a problem if there is no lexically meaning in the Indonesian dictionary.

Balloon. According to Comicraft Glossary of Lettering Terms (http://www.balloontales.com/articles/glossary/), balloon is circular shape used to contain speech in comic book. It sometimes refferred to as “Bubble”.


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6 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter contains three parts. The review of related studies talks about the review from other researchers that help the writer in conducting the research. After the review of related studies is review of related theories. In this subchapter, the review will contain the theories that have relation with this research. The last part is theoretical framework. Each review of studies and theories are the key in analyzing the problems which have been formulated and to find out how the progress of this study different from other studies.

A. Review of Related Studies

As stated previously, comics are different from other works, such as novels or short stories. There is only a limited space for the author in delivering the conversation. Therefore, the authors should write the dialogue concisely and efficient. To study on the onomatopoeia translation, the writer must understand not only in the linguistic field, but also in the extra linguistics field, which is about the comic.

The study the writer found is from Bara Diska Putra Krisnanto entitled The Intended Meaning of Smurf Words in Smurf Comic Strips (2010). Krisnanto stated that the readers must have cultural background knowledge and social background knowledge in order to prevent the misunderstanding of reading the comic (Krisnanto, 2010, X). Kristanto found that the word smurfs contain different vocabularies. This reveals that a language used in comic has certain purposes to


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convey the author‟s idea in delivering the story to be imaginative and fascinating. It is also important for Krisnanto in interpreting the intended meaning of the word

smurfs in the comic. The readers know that they must understand the words in the comic strips in relation to what the pictures is shown about. There must be relation between the meaning of the vocabulary given in the comic strips and the pictures, and these all must be suitable. The difference from this study is that the writer analyses onomatopoeia, while Krisnanto analysed the meaning of the word

smurfs in the comic.

Another research about translation of onomatopoeia has been also conducted by Hiroko Inose, entitled Translating Japanese Onomatopoeia and Mimetic Words (2010). Inose who collected the source of the onomatopoeic and mimetic expression in his research used novel Sputnik No Koibito by Haruki Murakami. He identified the method used in translating Japanese onomatopoeic and mimetic expression into Spanish and English. He found 300 cases which are extracted and nine methods by using adverbs, adjectives, verbs, noun, idioms, onomatopoeia in the target language, explicative phrases, combination of words and omission. The method which is analyzed uses some of examples, considering its effectiveness in transmitting the meaning of the original expressions. Inose‟s research is almost similar with the writer‟s research which conducted about the onomatopoeia and translation strategies in comic. The writer in this study tries to find the types of onomatopoeia, which is different from Inose who identifies through nine methods.


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The study which helps the writer is about the translation strategy. It is used in order to find out the other researcher in analyzing the study of translation strategy. The study was conducted by Nella Fitri Maya Juwita, entitled The Translation Strategies Employed by the Translators in Translating English

Business Management Terms into Indonesian (2009). In this research, Juwita intends to know what English terms in business management that are translated into Indonesian and what strategies used by the translator. She found 600 terms taken from various glossaries of English business management terms. She found that the translator used more than one strategy. The strategies include direct translation, combination of direct translation and naturalization, naturalization, and descriptive translation. This research has relation with this study of onomatopoeia due to the fact that the writer is going to find out the strategy in translating the onomatopoeic expression found in the text.

The above studies have the same topic about comic and translation. The study of onomatopoeia translation is different from the studies above in the language which is analyzed; it is Indonesian and English, while the study above is in Japanese and English. The translation strategy will also be different, because this onomatopoeic expression is not always stated in the dictionary. Therefore, the translation strategies must be different from the study above conducted by Juwita. This research on onomatopoeia translation in Don Rosa‟s The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck (1996) is a new research; therefore it will be very helpful if any other students want to develop the study of this research.


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B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Onomatopoeia

Due to the purpose of understanding the translation of onomatopoeia expression, the writer searched some theories in conducting this study. For beginning, it is important to understand the meaning of onomatopoeia. The Merriam Webster Dictionary reports the onomatopoeia is derived from the Greek

onoma which means „name‟ and poeieinwhich means „to make‟. This term is also

called as sound symbolism.

a. Theory of Origin of Language

To help the classification of onomatopoeic expression found in the comic, we must first know the theory of onomatopoeia. To understand when the onomatopoeic expressions built, the theories of the origin of the language are needed. Here are some theories of origin of the language according to David Crystal in the book The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (289, 1987):

i. The Pooh-Pooh Theory

This theory is also determined as „Interjectional Theory‟ which suggests

that the language come from expression of human emotion, such as pain, anger, happy, or other (Yule:2006).

According to Darwin in, human feelings such as pain, disgust, or contempt create a tendency to contract all the muscles of the body, including face and lips to produce a sound, such as the interaction „ouch‟ indicating of pain.

This may be not too hard to be analyzed, because it is shown mainly on the comic. For example found in The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck (1996) is


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”yipes” which is translated into “huaaaaa”. In this context, the character in the comic was yelling.

ii. The Ding-Dong Theory

This theory tries to determine the relationship between the sounds and the senses of word. Speech arises because people react to the stimuli in the world around them and spontaneously produce sounds which in same way reflected to the environment (Crystal: 1987). For example the utterance „byebye’ followed by waving hands that indicates „good bye‟.

iii.The Yo-He-Ho Theory

This theory underlines the development of language in social context. Language is produced because of human physical effort, such as people work together (Crystal: 1987). However, when people get a command-sound they will do strong body movement and automatically produce rhythmical yells. The example found in Rosa‟s comic is when the character in this comic wants to engrave; the onomatopoeic expression shown is “chip-chip” translating into “krik -krik”.

iv. Bow-wow Theory

This theory was proposed by Max Muller from German. He states that the simplest word is imitative of natural sounds, such as „cuckoo‟, which is then

originated as the name of bird and „bow-wow’ which is originated as the dog‟s

bark becomes the name of dog. This theory is also supported by Jespersen on his book entitled „Language, Its Nature, Development and Origin‟ by giving the


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and then man comes and makes a language for himself by imitating his inferiors. Sounds which are produced without any meaning can be used to designate the creature itself to have communication. This is also found in this comic. The onomatopoeic expression of “aroooooo” is translated into “auuuuuu”. This sound imitates the voice of wolf.

v. The La-la Theory

This theory was proposed by Otto Jespersen, The Danish Linguist, in Chrystal‟s The Cambridge of Encyclopedia of Language (1987). He felt that if any single factor was going to initiate human language, it would arise of the romantic side of life-sounds associated with love, play, poetic feeling, perhaps even song. The gap between the emotional and the rational aspects of speech expression would still have to be accounted for.

b. Types of Onomatopoeia

As what Kate Burridge said in her book, Blooming English (2002), words are symbolic. It means there is a meaning in each of words. Since onomatopoeia is denoting sound, there is also meaning inside it. Different from the theory of the origin of onomatopoeia, Hugh Bredin in Elin Dofs‟ Onomatopoeia and Iconicity, A Comparative Study of English and Swedish Animal Sounds suggests three types of onomatopoeia.

According to Hugh Bredin, there are three types f onomatopoeia.

i. Direct onomatopoeia.

As he says, this type of onomatopoeia can occur if the words fulfill two criterias. First criteria is that if the denotation of a word is a class of


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sounds. The second is the sound of the word resembles a member of the class. Simply to say that if the sound of the onomatopoeia words resemble to the sound that it names. For example, hiss and moan.

ii. Associative onomatopoeia

This type of onomatopoeia occurs whenever the sound of a word resembles a sound associated with whatever it is that the word denotes. For other information, none of these words has a sound that resembles the objects or actions that they denote. For example, cuckoo.

iii. Exemplary onomatopoeia

Exemplary onomatopoeia relies on the amount and character of the physical work used by a speaker in uttering a word. Bredin said that words such as nimble and dart require less muscular and pulmonary effort than do sluggish and slothful, so that they become one of the examples of exemplary onomatopoeia.

When it comes to talk about the pulmonary and muscular, it means that in pronouncing the word, energy is needed. Pulmonary is related to lungs. Lungs are one of motors for vocal vibration (Wise in Introduction toPhonetics, 1957: 37). The other motors for vocal vibration are larynx, pharynx, and mouth. They all become one unit of vocal vibrators and functioned for pronouncing the sound, and then so-called as musical instruments. Therefore, when an onomatopoeia word needs to be pronounced and it uses one or more vocal vibrators, it could be an exemplary onomatopoeia.


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2. Theory of Meaning

It is important to consider in the extra linguistic field, which is comic. To understand the meanings onomatopoeic expressions‟ meaning in the comic strips, the readers have to understand the context in the comic strips. Looking comics as an integral language on the one hand, and as a partnership of words and pictures on the other.

This is very interesting that interpretation of the readers are also needed, that is why in translating the onomatopoeic expression must be careful in order to deliver the imagination and the content between the pictures and the story.

In categorizing the onomatopoeia, the writer provides some theory of type of the Onomatopoeia or Symbolic Meaning. According David Crystal (1987), there are several attempts have been made to find specific correspondences between sounds and meaning. For example, in several languages an association has been suggested between close vowels (especially [i]) and smallness, and an open vowels (especially [a]) and largeness, as in English teeny, little, bit, slim. On the other hand, there are several counter-examples to this tendency, example big

vs small.

In translating the onomatopoeic expression in the comic, the writer must be able in understanding the meaning of the onomatopoeic expression in the Source Text. There are certain types of meaning. Contextual Meaning and Lexical Meaning will help the writer in analyzing this research.


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a. Lexical Meaning

Lexical meaning refers to the dictionary definition. It is the meaning of the term in common usage. The first step in translating each vocabulary is by looking at the dictionaries. If the vocabularies are found, it can be called as lexical. Onomatopoeic words have many synonyms, such as ba-dooomm and baaa-dooow

which have meaning the sound of explosion. They are often multi meaning as well such as poink which has some meanings as the bouncing sound or the sound of small metallic hit.

There are several ways in lexical meaning. The first is Homonyms. As what Fromkin said in her book, An Introduction to Language (2000), “knowing a

word means knowing both its sounds and its meaning” means that sound and meaning have relation. Homonyms or homophones in this context focus in the pronunciation. When two or more words have the same pronunciations but different in meanings, they will be called as homonyms. Word tale and tail are the examples of it. They are pronounced as [teɪ l], but in meaning, they are different. According to Oxford dictionary, tale means a story created using the imagination, especially one that is full of action and adventure. Meanwhile, tail means the part that sticks out and can be moved at the back of the body of a bird, an animal or a fish.

Homonyms are different from homographs. Homographs are words that spelt the same but different meaning. Word tear in tear in the eye and a tear in her blouse is spelt the same, but has different meaning. There is also polysemy, which happens when a word has multiple meanings that are related conceptually


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or historically. Bear is polysemus, because it has several meanings „to tolerate‟,

„to carry‟, and „to support‟.

There are also synonyms meaning words have the same meaning but different spelling or sound different. One of the examples is the words annoy and

bother which mean to make somebody angry. Different from synonyms, antonyms are the opposite in meaning. Big vs small is the example. Red, blue, black, white are hyponyms. It is a set of words whose relationship is general to more specific.

Three more lexical meanings are metonyms, retronyms, and proper names. A metonym is a word used in place of another word or expression to convey the same meaning. Retronyms are expression that would once have been redundant. Proper names mean a language‟s shortcuts. Crown which refers to monarchy is the example of metonyms. Silent movie is a retronym because in the past all movies were silent, whereas nowadays all of movies are now not silent, even though there are some movies which are silent. The last example is White House

which is to name official residence of US President. White house is example of proper names.

b. Contextual Meaning

If lexical meaning focuses on the lexical features of the word, in this contextual meaning focuses on the text. Contextual meaning is the meaning of word in particular situations and certainly in different kind of context. It might be a reason, justification, assumption, explanation, or other function of the context. The context of sound may often provide enough clues to comprehension.


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Onomatopoeic words are considered as symbolic language; therefore, the meaning depends on the context in which it is used. More than one level of their meaning is expressed (Crystal: 1987). Therefore, different interpretation appears when someone tries to find out the meaning of onomatopoeic words.

Due to the fact that this thesis is about translation, theory of translation is needed. First is about the definition. According to Nida and Taber, translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondy in terms of styles (Nida and Taber, 1982). The definition is changing from one state or form to another, to turn into one‟s own or another‟s language (The Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

Contextual context is included in contextual meaning. In pragmatics, context is very essential. This study needs co-text theory in order to know the references pointed and due to the reason that the study uses comic as the text. There are some aspects that should be considered in co-text or contextual contexts analysis. The context of the text itself covers grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion.

i. Grammatical cohesion

Cohesion is relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. Grammatical cohesion is the cohesion which is affected by the logical and structural rules. These following are the types of grammatical cohesion.


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a. Reference

This is an act which a speaker uses linguistic forms to enable the hearer to identify something. In referring something, we may use time deixis, person deixis, and other deixis. When there is no previous mention of the referent in the text, exophoric reference is used. If there is a referring expression links with another item within the same text, it is called endophoric reference. In endophora, there are two kinds, Anaphora and Cataphora. While anaphora is used for something referring backward, cataphora is used for referring forward.

b. Substitution

Substitution in this co-text is the replacement of one item by another. Joan Cutting in his book, Pragmatic and Discourse said that “As with

endophoric reference, substitution holds the text together and avoid repetition”. If we may take a look at the example below:

Little baby oh so small One day you will be big and tall I watch you while you laugh and play

My love for you grows everyday I tell you this with my whole heart

I love you just the way you are

(Lisa, http://www.familyfriendpoems.com/poem/mothers-short-poem-to-her-little-baby, 3 May 2013)

From the poem, the substitution used is in the second line. The word “you” substitutes “little baby” in the first line. The advantage of using


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substitution is for reducing repetition which somehow will be impacted for the readers to feel bored because of the use of the words repetition.

c. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is a little bit different from the substitution. Even the purpose is the same with the previous kind of co-text, which is to avoid repetition; ellipsis‟s way is to omit the repetitious and unnecessary words.

“He is afraid of you,” Yossarian said. “He‟s afraid you‟re going to die of pneumonia.” “He‟d better be afraid,” Chief White Halfoat said. A deep low laugh rumbled through his massive chest. “I will, too, the first

chance I get. You just wait and see.” (Heller‟s Catch 22,

<www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/3167.Joseph-Heller>)

The omission used in the text above is place in the last direct speech “I will, too.” The proper sentence will be “I will die of pneumonia too.” Therefore, the words omitted are “die of pneumonia”.

ii. Lexical Cohesion

Lexical cohesion is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of vocabulary (Halliday, 1976). There are four kinds of lexical cohesion. Repetition, superordinates, synonyms, and general words belong to it.

a. Repetition

This is the most common form from the lexical cohesion. We can put example from the short story of “Chrysanthemum”.


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The child put the pale chrysanthemums to her lips, murmuring:

„Don‟t they smell beautiful!‟ Her mother gave her a short laugh.

„No.‟ She said, „not to me. It was chrysanthemums when I married him, and chrysanthemums when you were born, and he first time hey ever brought him home drunk, he‟d got brown chrysanthemums in his button-hole.‟

The aim of using repetition in the text above is to emphasize the meaning of chrysanthemums for the character, and this has no disadvantage of make the text boring, because the main purpose is to make a focus point of what the author or the writer wants to tell about.

b. Synonyms

Synonyms are the use of another word that means the same or almost the same. For example, some use phrase watching over

instead of keep an eye.

c. Superordinates

It is an „umbrella‟ or general terms of certain things. For example, blackbird for bird.

d. General Words

General word is the umbrella term that can cover almost everything. This can be general nouns such as „thing‟, „stuff‟, „place‟, „person‟, „woman‟, „man‟, and so on.

The important of using co-text is intended in the form of the text, which is in this study used form of comic. The co-text helps the references of the onomatopoeic words refer to what it points to.


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c. Cultural Meaning of Words

As what Mildred L Larson said in his book, Meaning Based Translation (1984:431), culture is a complex of believe, attitudes, values, and rules which a group of people share. It can be concluded that people have their own culture. Language is also one of the cultures had by a group of people. A word in one group of people may have same or different meaning.

It is not only the language that is different. It is not also different in every country, but even in every region, language and culture could be different. Indonesia has many cultures. We can see one of the differences from the using of color of the flag for a sign of the death. Color red will be used in Solo, white in Yogyakarta, yellow in Lampung, and so on. This is a proof that language can be seen from anything including color.

It is no need argument about the differences of culture. Due to the fact that translation is transferring the idea of one language to another language, every translator cannot easily forget about the culture brought by its language. If we take a look at the word “pig”, the use of this word in Papua Guinea and in Jewish is different, even though the object is the same. For people in Jewish, they understand “pig” has a connotation meaning of unclean, however people in Papua Guinea signify “pig” as a wealth. The people of a given culture look at things from their own perspectives (Larson, 1984:137). The perspective in translating the onomatopoeia lies in the hearing of the speaker. For people in Indonesia, they cannot say “bark”, because what they usually hear is “guk”.


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3. Characteristics of Language Theory

In translating the language, knowing the characteristic of language which affect translation is needed. According to Mildred L. Larson, in his book entitled

Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence (1984), there are three characteristics which have a very direct bearing on principles of translation:

a. Meaning Components

Meaning components are “packaged” into lexical items, but they are “packaged‟ differently in one language than in another. Meaning components is sometimes called as plurality, for example the English –s.

b. Same Meaning Components

The same meaning component will occur in several surface structure lexical items (forms). In English, the word „sheep‟ occurs. However, the words „lamb‟, „ram‟, and „ewe‟ also include the meaning „sheep‟.

c. Alternative Meaning

One form will be used to represent several alternative meanings. Most words have more than one meaning. There will be a primary meaning-the one which usually comes to mind when the word is said in isolation-and secondary meanings-the additional meanings which a word has in context with other words.

4. Theory of Translation Strategy

It is not easy in translating the onomatopoeic expression. It is because of the different cultural background underlying the translator. There may be some onomatopoeic expressions which are not translated in Indonesian lexically. This


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becomes one of the reasons why translation strategy is needed. Moreover, Loescher (1991:8) defines translation strategy as "a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it." This translation of onomatopoeia will face a problem if there is no lexically meaning in the Indonesian dictionary.

Newmark (1988b) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, "While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (p.81). He goes on to refer to the following methods of translation:

Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.

Other methods are Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text. Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten. Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original. Idiomatic


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translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original. Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47).

The study of its onomatopoeia translation will need the translation strategy, because the translator will not easily translate the onomatopoeic expression without knowing how to translate. From this translation strategy, the writer knows that this has relation with the contextual meaning and lexical meaning in the text, which is story line.

There is also a procedural knowledge or options for translation. They are Direct or Literal Translation and Oblique translation. While Direct or Literal Translation focuses on structural parallelism for grammatical structures and meta-linguistic parallelism for parallel concepts, Oblique Translation is used when there comes a time that direct translation technique would not work because of the source text which is structurally impossible and the target language does not have corresponding expression.

Here are some ways of Oblique Translation:

1. Transposition

Transposition can be divided into two. First is Free Transposition, which is used depends mostly on contexts and desired effect. Second is


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Compulsory Transposition, which is used when only a transposition is acceptable.

2. Modulation

Modulation is used when other techniques would generate a text which is grammatically correct, but unsuitable, not idiomatic, or awkward. These techniques require excellent knowledge of both languages in both of the languages involved in the translation. It is commonly used for translating metonymy.

3. Equivalence

This type of techniques is used to render expression using different stylistic and structural methods. This method is usually used for translating idiom, onomatopoeia, proverbs, nominal or adjectival phrases, idioms, clichés, etc.

4. Adaptation

It is used when there the limit to translation is been reached, for example when a simple translation would not work or it would produce a result that is shocking in the target language and culture.

These all theories from the origin of the language assist the writer to find out the onomatopoeic expressions‟ origin. After find out the origin, the writer then points out about the meaning and the relation of each the onomatopoeic expression, according to its lexical meaning or contextual meaning. From the theories that have been applied, the last is to know the translation strategy of its onomatopoeia.


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C. Theoretical Framework

Three reviews of related studies are needed to compare the idea of the study. They give new knowledge to the writer in comparing the theories that should be used in analyzing or doing the study. They also required finding some information either in the similar or differences idea underlying in the writer‟s study or the reviews. The theory of origin of language in the onomatopoeia‟s theory is needed in analyzing the data. The theory of types of onomatopoeia helps the writer to answer the first problem formulation.

Not only both of theory above that help in answering the first problem formulation, but also the theory of meaning, even those theories can also be used in analyzing the second problem formulation. Theory of characteristic language is needed in answering the first problem formulation in identifying the onomatopoeic expression and the meaning from the dictionaries. The last is the translation strategies and the translation procedures is to answer the second problem formulation and to find the way the translator transferring the idea from the Source Text into the Target Text.


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26 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the writer describes the methodology that will be helpful in analyzing the onomatopoeic expression in translation as the main topic of this study. This chapter contains of four subchapters. First, it will tell about the areas of the research. The second is about the object of the study. The third will be the approach that will be used in conducting the study. The last is the research procedure which contains of types of data, data collection, population, and data analysis.

A. Areas of Research

The areas of research conducted by the writer was text analysis and translation. The text to be analyzed was onomatopoeia words written in comic The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck. The highlight of the translation was the strategy used in transferring the idea of onomatopoeia words into Indonesian in

Kisah Hidup Paman Gober.

B. Object of the Study

The objects of this research were the language features, especially onomatopoeic expression in the comic The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck and its translation into Indonesian, Kisah Hidup Paman Gober. The translatable unit included words and phrases.


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C. Method of the study

This study was a qualitative research and library research. It was conducted to figure out a theory which is underlying the project. The writer studied not only about the conversation but also the words written outside the dialogue balloons, considering that the onomatopoeic expression was not only in utterances but also in the description of what the characters doing.

This study was a qualitative research in which the writer observed the dialogue and the description outside the dialogue balloon in order to understand the meaning. The writer used the theories as mentioned before in chapter II to analyze the onomatopoeic expressions translation to figure out the translation strategy.

D. Research Procedure 1. Types of Data

The collected data of this research was an objective data. This research involved two main literary works, which were comics. The first was one of the works of Don Rosa entitled The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck. It was first published by Gemstone Publishing Book in New York 1994. This is the most famous comic at that time until now. Hence, it is translated into so many languages in the world because of the need of readers from other countries. For this work, Don Rosa won Will Eisner Award in 1995.

Due to the popularity of the comic, Indonesian readers also like to read this comic. In fact, not all of the Indonesian people know English. Therefore, this Don Rosa’s works was also translated into Indonesian. The title of this comic in


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Indonesia is Kisah Hidup Paman Gober. It was published by PT Penerbitan Sarana Bobo, Gramedia Pustaka Utama Ltd, in Jakarta.

The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck is a comic in which the characters are all animals. This comic contains of 12 chapters with additional chapters. The story happens between 1877 and1947. The main character of this comic is a duck, named Scrooge Mcduck. In this comic, Mcduck is characterized as a rich and lucky. His attention is for money. The comic tells about his experiences with other characters where the story is also related to money. The whole story tells the experience from his child till he becomes rich.

2. Data Collection

The data that the writer has taken in conducting this study was twelve chapters of the comic The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck and its tranlation in Indonesian Kisah Hidup Paman Gober. The twelve chapters are: The Duke, Dimes, and Detinies; The Last of the Clan Mcduck; The Master of the Mississippi;

The Buckaroo of the Badlands; The Cowboy Captain of Cutty Sark; Raider of the

Copper Hill; the New Laird of the Castle Mcduck; the Terror of the Transvaal;the

Vigilante of Pizen Bluff; Dreamtime Duck of the Never-Never; King of the

Klondike; The Prisoner of the White Agony Creek; Hearts of the Yukon; The

Billionaire of Dismal Downs; The Invader of Fort Duckburg; The Sharpie of the

Culebra Cut; The Empire-Builder from Calisota; and The Richest Duck in the World.


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The numbering of the data is written this way. When the datum was obtained inside the balloon, it would be IBxx, otherwise it would be OBxx. The last two digits are numbers which is shown orderly.

The procedure done by the writer was that she collected the comic of The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck from the internet. The followimg step was to search its Indonesian-translation comic, entitled Kisah Hidup Paman Gober. Second, the writer read whole of the comic, both of English version and Indonesia version. Third, the writer made a list of the onomatopoeic expression found in the comic.

3. Population

Population was the data of the research that was being analyzed and discussed.The onomatopoeia expressions that have been collected was 63 expressions. Since the number of data that have been found was not many, the writer used all of the data to be discussed in this research.

In naming the data, there are four digits to use. The two first digits are letters and two rest digits are numbers. The first two digits represent a place where the data was taken, whether it is inside the balloon or outside the balloon.

4. Data Analysis

To answer the problems, the writer has done some steps to solve. In analyzing the data, the writer cannot apply the theories in every onomatopoeic expression found. This was because some onomatopoeic expressions are not translated into Indonesian.


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First step done by the writer was to make the onomatopoeic expressions into the table, by adding the information such as the words of onomatopoeia in English and Indonesian, phonetic transcription, pages, and context of the picture’s description. The second is to analyze every expression with its meaning in the picture, by looking and checking it at the dictionary. When the onomatopoeic expressions can be found in the dictionary, and its translation in Indonesian is the same, it can be concluded that the translation strategy uses direct translation. In the contrary, when the onomatopoeic expressions cannot be found in the dictionary, and they were translated in Indonesian, there would be some adjustments in translation process.

The step to analyze the onomatopoeic expressions that were not listed in the dictionary was to see the contextual meaning in the pictures. Then, the writer tried to see the reason using the onomatopoeic expressions by applying the theory of the origin of the language. The last step was to figure out which translation strategy used.


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31

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the writer is going to deliver the results of the analysis done in the previous chapter and also the discussion of the findings. It contains the types of onomatopoeia as stated before in the review of literature and also the strategies of translating onomatopoeia. The types of onomatopoeia that has been analysed helps in identifying what the translation strategies are used.

A. Description of Research Data

This study is about types of onomatopoeia and translation strategies used in onomatopoeic expressions. Since onomatopoeia is usually performed in words or phrases, therefore the writer observed the words and phrases containing onomatopoeic expressions. The expressions are not only written in balloons, but also outside of them. It is written in Encyclopedia Americana (1978:370) that the dialogue which is written in balloons seems to emerge from the speakers‟ mouth. Charles Forceville in “Balloonics: The Visual of Balloons in Comic” (2009) says that onomatopoeia occurs not only inside the balloons but also outside of them. Hence, from the dialogue the writer found onomatopoeic expressions inside and outside the balloons. The onomatopoeic expressions found in comic The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck are 63 expressions. The 63 expressions were categorized into two parts. The first part was onomatopoeic expressions found inside the balloons. It was 16 expressions. The second part was the data of


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onomatopoeic expressions found outside the balloons with 47 numbers. When inputing data was done, it was found that there were 40 data that are included in Direct Onomatopoeia, 16 data that are Associative Onomatopoeia, and 7 data of Exemplary Onomatopoeia.

The data were obtained by listing the onomatopoeic expressions in the Source Text and then followed by checking the translation in Target Text. The data would be first analyzed by checking the dictionary. The onomatopoeic expressions which were found in the dictionary were categorized as lexical onomatopoeia. As an example, expression „bang‟ was found in the comic. By checking a dictionary, the writer found its meaning which says, “A sudden loud noise” according to Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary. This expression became one of data from lexical onomatopoeia. Otherwise, they would be non lexical onomatopoeia.

B. Analysis Results

This subchapter will be the presentation of the answers for the first and second problems. The first problem was about the types of onomatopoeic expressions which were found from the Source Text and the translation from the Target Text. Second problem was the strategies of translation that were used in this comic “The Life and Times of Scrooge Mcduck”in translating onomatopoeia.


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1. Onomatopoeic expressions found in the comic

The first problem says “What are the types of onomatopoeic expressions found in The Lifes and Times of Scrooge Mcduck and their translation in Kisah Hidup Paman Gober? As what the writer has said previoulsy, there were two categories of the data. The first category was its expression that could be found inside the balloons. The second category was the expressions that were found outside the balloons but they were written in the panels of the comics.

a. Onomatopoeic expressions found inside the balloons

This table below is some data of onomatopoeic expressions which were found inside the balloon. The contents were the onomatopoeic expressions in ST, which is English, page where the expression was found in both of languages, its English phonetic transcription, the meaning of English expressions that were taken from either Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture and Oxford Learner Dictionary or Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, the translated onomatopoeic expression in Indonesian, and the last is the text in which the onomatopoeia was found. This following table is some data of onomatopoeic expressions found inside the balloons.


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N o Pag e English Onoma topoeia Phonetic transcri ption English

Meaning Source Text

Pag e Transl ated Onoma topoeia Translated Text I B 0 1

15 Crack /kræk/

(Longma n) To break without dividing into separate parts: split; a sudden sharp noise

“I‟m tellin ya, lad, this river is so dirty, I once saw it crack goin round and bend.”

52 Patah “Sudah kukatakan padamu, nak, sungai ini sangat kotor, bahkan sampai patah di belokan.”

I B 0 4

5 Yee

haw

/ji: haʊ/ (predicte d)

- “Yee haw” 10 Yiihaa “Yiiihaaa”

I B 0 8

1 Bah /bɑ:/ (Longma n)

Used to show disapprova l or a low opinion of somebody or

something.

“Bah! Too much

hubbub! Too many people! I‟ll find a hole that big filled with gold...and all mine.”

26 Huh “Huh! Ramai sekali!

Terlalu banyak orang! Aku akan mencari sendiri galian yang berisi emas dan semuanya milikku!” I B 0 9

7 Meow /mi‟aʊ/ (Longma n) To make the crying sound a cat makes.

“Meow” 32 Meong “Meong”

I B 1 4

7 Boo /bu:/ (Longma n)

A sound to make a disapprova l or contempt

“Boo! Ye swaggerin!! Big-shoot tycon! Hisss!”

58 Wee “Wee! Orang sombong, jutawan pembual! Husss!” Table 1 Onomatopoeic expressions found inside the balloon

Datum IB01 was gained from first serial, entitled “Master of Mississippi.” Its expression was “crack” which was translated into “patah” in its Target Text.


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By taking notice at the dialogue “I‟m tellin ya, lad, this river is so dirty, I once saw it crack goin round and bend,” it could be detected that this expression was used as a verb. That was why its Indonesian translation is also a verb “patah.” The writer concluded that this onomatopoeic expression was functioned as a verb, and not an independent onomatopoeia.

Getting in with the theory of origin, this expression could be included in the Bow Wow Theory. The theory said that the simplest word is imitative of natural sounds. The sound crack is considered as a sound that is produced when it is broken. Furthermore, by checking at the types of onomatopoeia, this expression could be included into Direct Onomatopoeia in reason of the sound of this expression resembles to the sound that it names. This picture below is the panel where the expression was found.

Picture IB01 page 15 “Master of Mississippi”

Datum IB04 was obtained from serial “Buckaroo of the Badlands”. The expression was “Yee haw” which was translated into “Yiihaa”. Even though this expression was not listed in the dictionary, it was categorized as an onomatopoeic word. By taking a look at the context or the picture below, the writer realized it as onomatopoeia because the picture shows that the character in this comic is the one


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that makes the utterance. He is imitating sound of horse that was ridden by the cowboy.

Picture IB04 page 5 “The Buckaroo of the Badlands”

The sound of “yee haw” is predicted by the writer to be pronounced as /ji: hͻ :/. By comparing of the pronunciation from some words such as “keep”, “sheet”, “bee”, “meet” whose double letters –ee are pronounced as /i:/, the writer made “yee” to be pronounced as /ji:/. For the second word of this onomatopoeia expression, by paying attention the words such as “jaw”, “raw”, “law” whose letter a is pronounced as /ͻ :/, therefore, the writer decided to use /hͻ :/ as pronunciation of “haw.” In result, the pronunciation of “yee haw” becomes /ji: hͻ :/.

Considering the origin of this expression, the writer assumed that “yee haw” belongs to Yo-He-Ho Theory. Crystal (1987) said that language is produced because of human physical effort, such as people work together. In this expression, as shown by the picture and the context, the expression was taken when a person-especially in this picture is a cowboy- rides a horse. The human physical effort was seen through the cowboy that made an effort by riding the


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horse. That becomes the reason why the writer chose onomatopoeia “yee haw” belonging to Yo-He-Ho theory.

Onomatopoeia “yee haw” could be included to direct onomatopoeia. Even when it was not listed in the dictionary, this expression has been conventionalized because it has been known by people and they may use the word “yee haw” to represent the expression of cowboy riding a horse.

Onomatopoeic words might be arisen as our creative use of language. Fromkin in his book, An Introduction to Language (1999), when comes to topic of onomatopoeia “To say that we are creative in our use of language means that language use is not limited to stimulus-response behavior.” Here is the example, when someone steps on our foot, we might automatically respond by screaming or groaning. That is one of the behaviors which happens as a respond of some kind of feelings or emotions.

The third datum which is going to be analyzed is number IB08. The picture will be presented below this paragraph. As what has been explained previously, this onomatopoeic expression might not an imitation, but this expression is one of onomatopoeias which shows emotions or feelings. The picture below shows the expression of this kind of onomatopoeia. The word of expression is a word “bah.”


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Picture IB08 page 1 “Terror of the Transvaal”

Datum IB08 shows feeling of dissatisfaction. The panels before the picture above tell that Scrooge Mcduck goes to a place in Transvaal to get gold. It can be seen then after Scrooge says, “Bah! Too much hubbub! Too many people! I‟ll find a hole that big filled with gold. And all mine!” The expression definitely shows dissatisfaction due to what he has been saying after the expression “Bah!” He said that that there are too many people. It is known that Scrooge wants to obtain much gold for him to get rich. In addition to the amount of people that come to that place, it makes him get less of the gold, which is why he feels disappointed.

Based on the theory of origin, it is indeed included in The Pooh-pooh Theory, because the expression „bah‟ comes from dissatisfaction that reveals human emotion which is suitable with this theory. As said about the theory of origin, the writer then chose direct onomatopoeia as its type, because the sound of this word resembles to the word.

This following datum is still an onomatopoeic expression which was found inside the balloon. Datum number IB09 shows the onomatopoeia about animal, in which, this expression is used for the sound of a cat. Actually, it can be seen


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through the conversation inside the balloon and the image where the balloon is pointed to the animal that the writer has said that is not a cat, but lion. The following is the picture from the Source Text comic.

Picture IB09 page 7 “The Terror of the Transvaal”

The picture above shows a lion with the balloon above his head written “Meow”. It is a common knowledge that the tiger‟s sound is not “meow”. We already know that “meow” is used for a cat‟s sound. It could be seen from the Longman Dictionary which says that meow is to make the crying sound a cat makes. The picture above is telling us that the lion becomes afraid or sad because its neck is tied by a rope from the duck, which is Scrooge McDuck.

The Bow-wow theory is the most suitable theory for this kind of expressions. As David Crystal (1987) says, the bow wow theory is a speech arose through people imitating the sounds of the environment, especially animal calls. In this context, the animal sound which was being imitated is a cat. As seen in its origin of language, it can be concluded that the type of onomatopoeia of this


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expression is a direct onomatopoeia, since the word is a imitation of the sound of a cat.

By reading the sentence after its expression, it is known that the conversation shows the feeling that is not good, which may be dissatisfaction, or feeling of anger. Even in that balloon, there is still one more onomatopoeic expressions, it is „hisss‟. Based on type of onomatopoeia, „hiss‟ is one of example of direct onomatopoeia because the sound it resembles is also the member of its class. The definition of „hiss‟ according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary

is a sound like long –s. In accordance to its definition which gives clue that is a sound, it is said as onomatopoeia.

The expressions “boo” and “hisss” were taken from this sort of comic as what the writer has added below. It shows the conversation of the characters in the comic. The one that does the conversation containing the onomatopoeic expression „boo‟ and „hiss‟ is the one wearing a blue hat.


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The focus for the expression the writer means is in the word „boo‟. According to Longman Dictionary, „boo‟ means „a sound to make disapproval or

contempt‟. For this dictionary meaning, the writer concludes it as one of examples of Direct Onomatopoeia because the sound of the word resembles the sound that it names. If we take a look at the origin of language, this onomatopoeic expression will be from The Pooh-pooh Theory which says that it comes from human emotion, which in this context is human emotion for feeling dissatisfied then showing disapproval.

There are also some onomatopoeic expressions that are not found in the dictionary, but they were still translated into Indonesian, such as „yee haw‟ and „grrr‟. They are categorized as onomatopoeia because they denote the sound of showing mad for „grr‟ and the sound of cowboy riding a horse for „yee haw‟. As what the writer has written before, they can be called as conventionalized words, or the words that have been accepted and used by people.

b. The onomatopoeic expressions found outside the balloon

The following data was taken from the expressions written not inside the balloon, but the written text outside the balloon. One important thing to match the expressions was to pay attention at the pictures on the comic. It was because the expressions must be suitable with the context of the story described into the pictures.


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No Pa ge English Onoma topoeia Phonetic transcripti on Situational context English Meaning Pag e Translat ed text OB06 .

4 Arooo /æru:/ (predicted)

Sound of dogs

- 25 Auuu

OB39 19 Fweet /fwi:t/ (predicted)

Whistling a horse

- 60 Suit

OB44 4 Splat /splæt/ (Longman)

Throwing fruits into somebody

A noise like something wet hitting a surface and being flattened.

55 Pret

OB45 4 Splook /splu:k/ (predicted)

Throwing fruits into somebody

- 55 Ceprut

OB46 4 Splut /splɅt/ (predicted)

Throwing fruits into somebody

- 55 Ceprut

Table 2 Onomatopoeic expressions found outside the balloon

This table above is some data found outside the balloon. The contents were the number of data, page the onomatopoeia was found in both of source text (English) and its target text (Indonesian), onomatopoeic words or expressions in English and their translation in Indonesian with English pronunciation, and also the context of the expressions that were correlated with the pictures in the comic. The situational context that the writer included in the table helps the understanding of the function of each expression that was written in the comic.

(a) (b)


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First datum to be analyzed was picture OB06 with expression of “Arooo”. Readers were expected to notice the panel order. The writer has said that in reading a comic, order of the panels is important. In this comic, the order is from left to right. At the picture above, the picture on the left (a) is what the writer means by the text outside the balloon. There is no balloon in its picture such as in the picture of (b). On picture (a), the text “Aroooo..” is outside the balloon, while on the picture (b), the texts “Har Har! This Hound costume works just as well as it did 200 years ago!” and “And why not! The McDucks will never recover from that humiliation!” are inside the balloon.

It could be seen that there is no connection between the onomatopoeic expressions with the pictures inside the square. This is a special case. The truth of the expression is revealed in the next square, that the sound “Arooo..” is truthfully the sound makes by a man that imitates a sound of dog. Even though, there is no meaning that can be found in the dictionary, it was translated into “Auuu”. This case proves that the reference of cataphora was used. In this occasion, the reference is not the sentences, but pictures. Cataphora is used for referring forward. This supports the idea that comic should be read in order. While in Manga (Japanese comic), the order is from right to left. For American, conversely, it is read from left to right.

The word “Arooo” can be put into the type of Direct Onomatopoeia, since its sound resembles a soun the word it denotes. It is also a part of Bow-wow theory from the origin of the language, because bow wow theory is usually related to natural sound, where in this case, “aroo” is a natural sound of animal.


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The writer predicted the phonetic transcription of “arooo” as /æru:/. The way of the prediction was the same as the previous predicted words that have been explained before. English double vowel of „o‟ is usually pronounced as /u:/. That is why the writer predicted the word to be pronounced as /æru:/.

The second expression that is going to be explained is expression “fweet”. Here is the picture from the comic.

Picture OB39 page 19 “The Vigilante of Pizen Bluff”

The picture above is the proof from number OB39. The onomatopoeic expression found is „fweet‟ which is found outside the balloon. The character in the picture is calling the horse by whistling. In Indonesia, sound of whistling is „suit‟. By seeing at the picture, the expression “fweet” can be guessed as a way to call the horse. The writer said so because it could be seen in the utterances inside the balloon that came out from Scrooge McDuck, “C‟mon, Hortense! We have some fancy ridin‟ to do.” It was clearly seen that expression “fweet” is suitable with the utterances that the character wanted to ride.


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OB24 7 Snort /snͻ :t/ (Longman)

Buffalo’s snuffle An act or sound of snorting. 30 Srott

OB25 9 Vuhroom /vʌru:m/ Sound of car machine - 32 Bruum

OB26 16 Whoosh /wu:ʃ / (Longman)

Sound of wind A soft sound, like air rushing out of something. 39 Wuuuz OB27 3 Click /klɪ k/

(Longman)

Turning on the lamp A slight short sound 52 Klik

OB28 3 Zap /zæp/

(merriam-webster)

Stunned by electricity Used to express a sound made by or as if by a gun

52 Jret

OB29 9 Zow /zaʊ/

(predicted)

Running away - 58 Siuut

OB30 5 Clang /klaŋ/ (merriam webster)

Sound of 2 characters play fencing

a sharp brief metallic ringing sound 12 Cring

OB31 7 Rumble /rɅmbəl/ (Longman)

Sound of lightning A rumbling sound. 14 Jgler

OB32 13 Crack a boom

/kræk/ /ə/ /bu:m/

Sound of lightning - 20

Krak-jeggler OB33 3

Tippitty-tippitty-tip

/tɪ pi:tɪ / Buffaloes jumping - 28

Teplok- teplok-teplok OB34 5 Waauueega

h

/waui:gɑh/ Sound of elephant - 30 Uuaauuw

OB35 5 Sizzle /sɪ zəl/ (Longman)

The character is angry a sound like water falling on hot metal or food cooking in hot flat.

30 Heh

OB36 5 Pop /p p/

(Longman)


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OB37 5 Pffft /pəft/ The character is angry - 30 Krek

OB38 5 Knock /n k/

(Longman)

Knocking a door The sound of striking action. 46 Tok

OB39 19 Fweet /fwi:t/ (predicted)

Whistling a horse - 60 Suit

OB40 12 Twang /twæŋ/ (Longman)

Jump off a tree using a rope

A quick ringing such as the sound made by pulling then suddenly freeing, a very tight string or wire.

37 Tuing

OB41 14 Bam bam bam

/bam/ (merriam webster)

Hammering the roof tile a sudden loud noise —often used

interjectionally to indicate a sudden impact or occurrence

39 Tuk tuk tuk

OB42 18 Thud /θad/ (Longman)

Sound of body falling on the ground

A dull sound as caused by a heavy object falling to the ground.

43 Bluk

OB43 28 Smack /smæk/

(Longman)

Kissing A loud kiss. 22 Cuup

OB44 4 Splat /splæt/

(Longman)

Throwing fruits into somebody

A noise like something wet hitting a surface and being flattened.

55 Pret OB45 4 Splook /splu:k/

(predicted)

Throwing fruits into somebody

- 55 Ceprut

OB46 4 Splut /splɅt/ (predicted)

Throwing fruits into somebody

- 55 Ceprut

OB47 1 Pip pip /pɪ p/ /pɪ p/ (Longman)

Sound of horn A short high sounding note, esp. as given on the radio to show the exact time, or as used in the operation of public telephone.

3 Tut tut


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Appendix 2: The table of Onomatopoeia Expressions found inside the balloon

No Page

English Onoma topoeia

Phonetic transcript

ion

English Meaning Source Text Pag

e

Translated Onomatop

oeia

Translated Text IB01 15 Crack /kræk/

(Longman)

To break without dividing into separate parts: split; a sudden sharp noise

―I’m tellin ya, lad, ths

river is so dirty, I once saw it crack goin round

and bend.‖

52 Patah ―Sudah kukatakan

padamu, nak, sungai ini sangat kotor, bahkan sampai patah di belokan.‖ IB02 15 Yipes /jaips/

(predicted)

An exclamation of surprise or shock

―Yipes‖ 52 Huaaa ―Huaaa!‖

IB03 19 Puff /pəf/ (Longman)

A slight explosive sound accompanying a puff

―Puff. Pant! You win!

Get me off here! I’ll talk.‖

56 Huff ―Huff. Huff. Kamu

menang! Lepaskan aku dari sini! Aku akan

katakan.‖

IB04 5 yee haw

/ji: haʊ/ (predicted)

- ―Yee haw‖ 10 Yiihaa ―Yiiihaaa‖ IB05 7 Grrr /gr/

(predicted)

- ―grrr‖ 12 Grrr ―grrr‖

IB06 12 Raargh /ra:r/ - ―Raargh‖ 17 Raargh ―Raargh‖

IB07 6 Sniff /snɪ f/ (Longman)

An act or sound of sniffing.

―Sniff! Sniff! Sniff!‖ 13 Endus ―Endus endus.‖ IB08 1 Bah /bɑ:/

(Longman)

Used to show disapproval or a low opinion of somebody or

―Bah! Too much hubbub! Too many

people! I’ll find a hole

26 Huh ―Huh! Ramai sekali! Terlalu banyak orang! Aku akan mencari sendiri


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something. that big filled with

gold...and all mine.‖ galian yang berisi emas dan semuanya milikku!‖

IB09 7 Meow /mi’aʊ/ (Longman)

To make the crying sound a cat makes.

―Meow‖ 32 Meong ―Meong‖ IB10 6 Buzz /bɅz/

(Longman)

A buzzing sound. ―I was aimin at the blow flies buzzin

around it.‖

47 Terbang ―Aku mengarahkan pada lalat yang terbang di

sekitarnya.‖

IB11 7 Tsk /təsk/ - ―Well, if it isn’t the

pushy fossicker, stuck in a hole in the sand!

Tsk! Tsk!‖

14 Ck ―Huh pengelana sok jagoan, terjebak di dalam lubang pasir! Ck! Ck!‖ IB12 8 Brrr /br/

(predicted)

To complain about the cold.

(Longman)

―Brrr! It sure is cold in here! Dangerous too! But Scrooge Mcduck is

made of sterner stuff.‖

33 Brrr ―Brrr! Dingin sekali di sini! Berbahaya juga! Tapi

Gober bebek lebih keras!‖

IB13 20 Oh /əʊ/ (Longman)

Expressing surprise, fear, joy, etc.

―Oh, swoon.‖ 47 Ooh ―Ooh, aduh!‖ IB14 7 Boo /bu:/

(Longman)

A sound to make a disapproval or contempt

―Boo! Ye swaggerin!! Big-shoot tycon!

Hisss!‖

58 Wee ―Wee! Orang sombong,

jutawan pembual! Husss!‖

IB15 7 Hisss /hɪ s/ (Longman)

A sound like a long –s ―Boo! Ye swaggerin!! Big-shoot tycon! Hisss!‖

58 Husss ―Wee! Orang sombong, jutawan pembual! Husss!‖ IB16 24 Tweet /twi:t/

(merriam webster)

A chirping note ―Tweet..tweet..tweet..‖ 41 Cit ―Cit...Cit...Citt‖


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Appendix 3: Table of Types and Strategies

Code Data

Onomato poeia

Type Strategies

Direct Assoc

iative

Exemp lary

Word for Word

Communicative

OB01 Oof v v

OB02 Crack v v

OB03 Crash v v

OB04 Clink v v

OB05 Psst v v

OB06 Arooo v v

OB07 Slap v v

OB08 Creak v v

OB09 Swish v v

OB10 Click v v

OB11 Crash v v

OB12 Splash v v

OB13 Chug v v

OB14 Splat v v

OB15 Slurp v v

OB16 Hssss v v

OB17 Boom v v

OB18 Bang v v

OB19 Whack v v

OB20 Wak v v

OB21 Klonk v v

OB22 Floop v v

OB23 Blurp v v

OB24 Snort v v

OB25 Vuhroom v v

OB26 Whoosh v v

OB27 Click v v

OB28 Zap v v

OB29 Zow v v

OB30 Clang v v

OB31 Rumble v v

OB32 Crack a boom

v v

OB33 Tippitty-tippitty-tip

v v

OB34 Waaueega h

v v

OB35 Sizzle v v


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73

OB37 Pffft v v

OB38 Knock v v

OB39 Fweet v v

OB40 Twang v v

OB41 Bam v v

OB42 Thud v v

OB43 Smack v v

OB44 Splat v v

OB45 Splook v v

OB46 Splut v v

OB47 Pip v v

IB01 Crack v v

IB02 Yipes v v

IB03 Puff v v

IB04 Yee Haw v v

IB05 Grrr v v

IB06 Raargh v v

IB07 Sniff v v

IB08 Bah v v

IB09 Meow v v

IB10 Buzz v v

IB11 Tsk v v

IB12 Brrr v v

IB13 Oh v v

IB14 Boo v v

IB15 Hisss v v

IB16 Tweet v v

Total 40 16 7 13 50