Estimasi Resiko Ekologis HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1. Konsentrasi Merkuri di Air dan Biota

Chen Y, Dong X, Dai Y, Hu Q, Yu H, 2008. Determination of Trace Mercury in Chinese Herbal Medicine by Cold Vapour Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry. Asian J Chem. Vol. 20, No. 6. pp 4639- 4646 Chen, CY, Dionne M, Mayes BM, Ward DM, Sturup S, Jackson BP. 2009. Mercury Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation in Estuarine Food Webs in the Gulf of Maine. Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol 43, 1804 -1810. Connel DW, Miller GJ. 1995. Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Pollution. New York [USA]. Willey Interscience Publisher: 520 halaman Desrosiers M, Planas D, Mucci A, 2006. Total Mercury and Methyl Mercury Accumulation in Periphyton of Boreal Shield Lakes: Influence of Watershed Physiographic Characteristics. Sci Total Environ. 355, 247 - 258. Dudgeon D. 1997. Life histories, secondary production and microdistribution of hydropsychid caddisflies Trichoptera in a tropical forest stream. J Zool, 243: 191 –210. Effendi H. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Yogyakarta [ID]. Penerbit Kanisius. 258 halaman. Ferreira MAP, Lima JB, Rocha RM, Pimenta PFP. 2008. Morphological Aspect of the Midgut of Anopheles aquasalis Curry, 1932 Insecta: Diptera. Intl J Morphol Vol 263:577-582. Frías-Espericueta MG, Abad-Rosales S, Nevárez-Velázquez AC, Osuna-López I, Páez-Osuna F, Lozano-Olvera R,Voltolina D. 2008. Histological effects of a combination of heavy metals on Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. Aquat Toxicol, vol. 89, p. 152-157. Godfrey PJ, MD Mattson, MF Walk, PA Kerr, OT Zajicek, A Ruby III. 1996. The Massachusetts Acid Rain Monitoring Project: Ten Years of Monitoring Massachusetts Lakes and Streams with Volunteers. Publication No. 171. Massachusetts [USA]. University of Massachusetts Water Resources Research Center: 179 halaman Greve GD, van Der Geest H, Stuijfzand S, Engels S, Kraak M. 1998. Development of Ecotoxicity Tests using Laboratory Reared Larvae of The Riverine Caddisflies Hydropsyche angustipennis and Cyrnus trimaculatus, in: Proceedings of Experimental and Applied Science of Entomology, N.E.V. Amsterdam, pp. 205 - 210. Halimah S. 2002. Pengkajian Pencemaran Merkuri dan Dampak Akumulasinya akibat Kegiatan Penambangan Emas. Laporan Penelitian. Jakarta [ID]. Asdep Urusan Sarana Bappedal – Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup. Hersey AE, Lamberti GA. 1998. Stream Macroinvertebrate Communities. Chapter 8. di dalam: Naiman RJ, Bilby RE, editor. River Ecology and Management Lessons from the Pasific Coastal Ecoregion. New York [USA]. Springer: hlm 169-199. Hill RA, Chapman PM, Mann GS, Lawrence GS. 2000. Level of Detail in Ecological Risk Assessments. Mar Pollut Bull Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 471- 477. Hines NA, Brezonik PL. 2007. Mercury inputs and outputs at a small lake in northern Minnesota. Biogeochemistry Vol 84:265 –284. Hinton DE. 1994. Cells, Cellular Responses, and Their Markers in Chronic Toxicity of Fishes. di dalam : Malins DC and Ostrander GK Eds. Aquatic Toxicology. Molecular and Cellular Perspectives. Boca Raton [USA].Lewis Publishers: halaman 207-240. Huryn DA Wallace JB. 2000. Life history and production of stream insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol, Vol 45: 83 –110. Hynes HBN, Coleman MJ.1968. A Simple Method of Assessment of the Annual Production of Stream Benthos. Limnol Oceanogr Vol 13:569-573. Jacobsen D,. Cressa C, Mathooko JM. Dudgeon D. 2008. Macroinvertebrates : Composition, life histories and production. In: Dudgeon, D. Ed. Tropical Stream Ecology. Oxford [UK] Elsevier Inc. Pp. 65 –105. Jin HS, Ward GM. 2007. Life History and Secondary Production of Glossosoma nigrior Banks Trichoptera : Glossosomatidae in Two Alabama Streams with Different Geology. Hydrobiologia Vol. 575 : 245 – 258. Katano I, Mitsuhashi H, Isobe Y, Sato H, Oishi T. 2005. Reach-scale Distribution Dynamics of a Grazing Stream Insect, Micrasema quadriloba Martynov Brachycentridae, Trichoptera in Relation to Current Velocity and Peryphyton Abundance. Zool Sci Vol 22: 853-860. Kiernan, JA. 1990. Histological and Histochemical Methods : Theory and Practice. Toronto [CA]. Pergamon Press: 433 halaman. [KLH] Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup. 2011. Peran dan Tanggung Jawab Stakeholder dalam Pengelolaan Sungai Ciliwung Masterplan Pengelolaan Sungai Ciliwung dan Kemajuan Penerapannya. Rakernis. Pusarpedal-KLH. Jakarta. Lasut MT, Yasuda Y, Edinger EN, Pangemanan JM. 2009. Mining in marine environment and its impact on residents of Buyat Bay, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Water Air Soil Pollut, DOI 10.1007s11270-009-0155-0. Leslie HA, Pavluk TI, bij de Vaate A, Kraak MH. 1999. Triad assessment of the impact of chromium contamination on benthic macroinvertebrates in the Chusovaya River Urals, russia. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. Vol 372:182-189. Limbong D, Kumampung J, Rimper J, Arai T, Miyazaki N. 2003. Emissions and environmental implications of mercury from artisanal gold mining in north Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sci Total Environ. Vol 302. 227 –236. Limbong D, Kumampung J, Rumengan IFM, Arai T, Miyazaki N. 2004. Mercury Concentrations in the Community Drinking Water Sources Around Manado City, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol Vol 73: 506 –510. Lowe DM, Clarke KR. 1989. Contaminant-induced changes in the structure of the digestive epithelium of Mytilus edulis. Aquat Toxicol, Vol. 15, Issue 4, Pages 345-358.DOI :10.10160166-445X8990046-5. Luoma SN, Carter JL. 1991. Effects of Trace Metals on Aquatic Benthos. In Newman MC and Mc Intosh AW Eds. Metal Ecotoxicology: Concepts and Applications. Michigan [USA]. Lewis Publishers: hlm 261-300. Lushchak VI. 2008. Oxidative stress as a component of transition metal toxicity in fish. In: Svensson, E.P. Ed.. Aquatic Toxicology Research Focus., New York [USA] Nova Science Publishers Inc: hlm 1 –29 Mackay RJ, Wiggins GB. 1979. Ecological diversity in Trichoptera. Ann Rev Entomol 24: 185-208. Maddrell HP, O’Donnel JO. 1992. Insect Malphigian Tubules: V-ATPase Action in ion and Fluid Transport. J Exp Biol. Vol 172, 417 – 429. Maddrell SHP, Gardiner BOC, Pilcher DEM, Reynolds SE.1974. Active Transport by Insect Malpighian Tubules of Acidic Dyes and of Acylamides. J. Exp. Biol. Vol 61, 357-377 Malaspina O, da Silva-Zacarin ECM. 2006. Cell Markers For Ecotoxicological Studies In Target Organs Of Bees. Brazilian Journal of morphological Science 233-4, 303-309 Marigomez I, Soto M, Kortabiarte M. 1996. Tissue-level biomarkers and biological effect of mercury on sentinel slugs, Arion ater. Arch. Environ, Contam. Toxicol. Vol. 31, pp. 54 - 62 Martin TR, Holdich DM. 1986. The Acute Lethal Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Peracarid Crustaceans with Particular Reference to Fresh-Water Aselids Gammarids. Water Res, Vol 20, No. 9, pp 1137 – 1147. Mason RP, Reinfelder JR, Morel FMM. 1996. Uptake, toxicity, and trophic transfer of mercury in a coastal diatom. Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 30:1835-1845. Maul JD, Farris JL, Milam CD, Cooper CM, Testa III S, Feldman DL. 2004. The Influence of Stream Habitat and Water Quality on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Degraded Streams of Northwest Mississipi. Hydrobiologia, 518: 79 – 94. McCahon CP, Whiles AJ, Pascoe D. 1989. The toxicity of cadmium to different larval instars of the trichopteran larvae Agapetus fuscipes Curtis and the importance of life cycle information in the design of toxicity tests. Hydrobiology ; 185:153 –162 McIntyre JK Beauchamp DA. 2007. Age and trophic position dominate bioaccumulation of mercury and organochlorines in the food web of Lake Washington. Sci Total Environ Vol 372, page 571 –584 Merritt, RW., . Cummins KW. 2006. Trophic Relationships of Macroinvertebrates, di dalam: Hauer FR and Lamberti GA Eds. Methods in Stream Ecology. California [USA]. Academic Press: hlm 585 – 609. Moore MN, Depledge MH, Readman JW, Paul Leonard DR. 2004. An Integrated Biomarker-based Strategy for Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Risk in Environmental Management. Mutat Res Vol 552. p. 247 - 268 Morgan AJ, Turner MP, Morgan JE. 2002. Morphological plasticity in metal- sequestering earthworm chloragocytes: morphometric electron microscopy provides a biomarker of exposure in field populations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Vol 21, pp. 610 – 618 Mount DR, Henry TR. 2008. Ecological Risk Assessment. di dalam Di Giulio R, and Hinton DE Eds. The Toxicology of Fishes. Boca Raton [USA], CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group: pp. 757 - 775. [NRC] National Research Council. 1993. Issues in Risk Assessment. Nartional Washington, D.C [USA] Academy Press: pp. 243 - 267. Newman MC, Clements WH. 2008. Ecotoxicology. A Comprehensive Treatment.. New York [USA]. CRC Press 882 halaman