Table 2.1. continued
Stages Description
VI VII
Evaluation: 1. of student
2. of program 3. of teaching
Recycling stage: 1.
congruence or „fit’ between goals and students performance is determined
2. Content is reassessed materials and methodological procedure revised.
b. Dick’s and Reiser’s Model
The second model of instructional design suggested by Walter Dick and Robert A. Reiser 1989 is chosen. According to this model, an
instructional design has a number of components, namely: 1 Instructional goals
2 Objectives for each goal 3 Test items for each objectives
4 Instructional activities for each objective, which require: a
Content b
Type of instructional activities c
Means of presenting instructional activities Among these components, the instructional material refers to the
content. Meanwhile, the step of designing the instructional program, in which the instructional material can be found out, can be seen in Figure 2.5.:
Figure 2.5. Models of Instruction Program Design Suggested by Dick and Reiser 1989: 4
From the two instructional models above, the writer would not use all of those steps, however some steps
will be used and the others will not be
used. The writer will combine the two instructional models. From Yalden’s model, the writer takes first step namely needs survey. In the Communicative
Language Teaching, needs survey is very important because it will be used to decide which materials will be developed. The writer also takes step 3, 4, and
5 to make the syllabus and lesson plans. Step 6 and 7 will be used as the evaluation of the materials.
Set Goal
Write Objectives
Develop Test
Develop Instructional Activities
Choose Instructional Media
Implement Instruction Analyze Students’
Characteristics SelectReview Texts
Revise Instruction
Dick’s and Reiser’s first and second step is used to determine the goals and objectives of the designed materials. Step 4 from Dick and Reiser also
determines the activities to be used in the materials. Both Yalden and Dick and Reiser use evaluation and revision as the final step for their model. The
writer takes this step because it is used for measuring the outcome of the materials designed. It is very important to obtain evaluation values in order to
revise the designed materials.
3. Teaching Speaking using Communicative Language Teaching
