findings, field testing it in the setting where it would be used eventually, and revising it to correct deficiencies found in the field-testing-stage.
There are ten steps in the R D cycle as proposed by Borg and Gall 1983: 775, however in this study the writer only took the first five steps. The
names of those steps are 1 research and information collecting, 2 planning, 3 developing preliminary form of product, 4 preliminary field testing, and 5 final
product revision. The writer only took the first five steps of R D cycle because this study was only designing the materials. The writer did not need products
implementation. There was only one product revision based on the results of the materials evaluation questionnaire.
The five steps of the method based on R D cycle were elaborated in following explanation. In order to know whether the writer’s framework was
appropriate to be included in each R D step or not, the writer also gave explanation in those steps. It was also aimed to help the writer to prove that the
writer’s framework and the R D steps are matched. The explanation of each step is as follows.
1. Research and Information Collecting
The survey was conducted to obtain as much information as possible from the learners, textbooks, and others sources as the foundation for
designing and developing the materials. The data for the survey study was collected through questionnaire and interview. The pre-design questionnaire
had a purpose to find out the learners’ interest, problems, and opinions for the
needs analysis of the study. The results were used as the base in designing a set of English speaking instructional materials. Step 1 of the writer’s
framework was in line with step 1 of R D.
2. Planning
Borg and Gall 1983: 779 identify that the most important aspect in planning is stating the specific objectives to be achieved by the product.
Furthermore, objectives also regarded as the basis for developing materials. Based on the data gathered, the writer started to collect sources that were
used in designing the materials. The writer made framework of the design based on Communicative Language Teaching. In this step, the writer could
include step 2 from the writer’s theoretical framework. The writer formulated goals and objectives in order to plan the materials design.
3. Developing Preliminary Form of the Product
Developing preliminary form of the product includes preparation of instructional materials, handbooks handouts, and evaluation devices. In this
step, the writer started to design the materials based on the needs survey result. The writer determined the instructional activities, exercises types, and
teaching techniques, and then, the syllabus and lesson plans. This meant that step 3, step 4, and step 5 of the writer’s framework were appropriate to be
included in step 3 of R D.
In developing preliminary form of the materials, the important principle is to organize the materials and permit obtaining as much feedback
as possible from field test in order to be used as a basis on revising and improving the designed materials.
4. Preliminary Field Testing
