Questionnaire Sheet Research Instruments

E. Data Analysis Technique

To analyze the data gathered, the writer used percentages. The use of percentages is clearer and easier for people to interpret the data since the analysis is aimed at presenting the findings to others. According to Ary, et al. 2002:125, “The percentages are calculated by dividing the total number in one category by the total number in all categories and multiplying the result by 100”. The formula used to calculate the percentage is presented below. 100 P x X X = where X : the number in one category X’ : the total number in all categories P : number of percentage Before designing the materials, the writer conducted research and information collecting which consisted of review of literature and needs analysis. While the findings of the literature review were presented in chapter II, the findings of the needs analysis were presented in chapter IV. There were two ways of obtaining the needs: distributing questionnaires and interviewing. The data from questionnaires were analyzed using percentages in order to describe the results of the learners’ answers. The questionnaires were also analyzed through qualitative data analysis since some of the answers could not be measured by numbers and they needed to be interpreted. From the results of the needs analysis and literature review, the writer described what the learners expected to learn and determined what learning contents which were appropriate for the learners. Furthermore, the writer designed the materials. After designing the materials, the writer conducted preliminary field testing. There were also two ways of obtaining the data: distributing questionnaires and interviewing. The data were analyzed through percentages and qualitative data analysis.

F. Research Procedure

In order to answer the questions of the research, the writer took seven steps which were based on R D cycle. Those steps were: 1. Conducting literature review Regarding with the educational issue stated in the research background, the writer formulated two research problems. She reviewed related references which would be underlying theories to answer those problems. 2. Conducting observationneeds analysis In developing materials, it was not enough conducting the literature review only. Considering that the designed materials should be useable and appropriate with the target learners, the writer conducted needs analysis to discover the learners’ needs. There were two instruments to be used, namely questionnaires and interview. The questionnaires were distributed to Biology teachers of SMAN 3 Yogyakarta. To complete the data, the writer also conducted interviews with them and the English teacher of the school.