English for Biology Teachers
Bring It to Mind .
Answer the questions below based on your understanding
1. What is AIDS? 2. What is HIV?
3. What do you think about those who are
infected the virus? 4. How can the virus spread widely?
5. How do you treat those infected people?
Let’s Start .
1. Now, read article below to do the exercises that follow
HIV Isolate from Kenya Provides Clues for Vaccine Design
Published on January 3, 2008 05:06 PM
Two simple changes in its outer envelope protein could render the AIDS
virus vulnerable to attack by the immune system, according to research from
Kenya and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center published in PLoS
Medicine.
The results could provide important clues for designing an
effective AIDS vaccine, which is badly needed to decrease the number
of new HIV infections, now estimated at about 2.5 million per
year worldwide.
Although most people infected with HIV produce antibodies against the virus within several weeks following infection, these antibodies rarely prevent the
infection from progressing to symptomatic AIDS. While studying a group of women at risk of HIV in Mombasa, Julie
Overbaugh and colleagues noticed that one woman carried an AIDS virus that was PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
easily inactivated by antibodies. They initially described this case in 2007 in the Journal AIDS.
Analyzing this woman’s virus, they found that it contains mutations in four amino acids in the envelope protein, two of which, when introduced into unrelated
strains of HIV in the laboratory, conferred sensitivity to inactivation by a number of antibodies produced in people infected with HIV.
The researchers propose that these mutations cause a change in the overall structure of the envelope protein that result in exposure to the immune system of
regions that are normally hidden. If further research confirms this idea, vaccines containing envelope proteins that include these mutations might be able to stimulate
an antibody response that would protect against infection with HIV.
Source: www.BiologyNewsNet.com
2. After reading the article above, make a group of three then answer the following questions
1. Where was the research conducted? 2. How many numbers of people are infected with HIV today?
3. What things do the HIV infected body in some people produce? 4. What did Julie Overbaugh and her colleagues find while they were doing research
in Mombasa? Describe what they found 5. “Analyzing this woman’s virus, they found that it …”
What does “they” refer to? 6. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
7. What does the text tell you about?
3. Challenge yourself
Make a list of the causes of how HIV infecting people
4. In pair, find words in the text above to complete sentences below
1. The virus is …, so you do not need to worry. 2. To … means to extract something in a pure form.
3. … is an antigenic preparation used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against a disease.
4. She was a … person, so she decided to end her life.
English for Biology Teachers
English for Biology Teachers
Grammar Battle .
1. Pay attention to the sentence below.
The results could provide important clues for designing an effective AIDS vaccine.
The highlighted words in the sentence above are called nouns. Nouns are words used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns can be countable and
uncountable. A countable noun is a noun with singular or plural form, and it names anything we can
count. Example: We painted the
table red and the chairs blue.
Since he inherited his
aunt’s library, Jeremy spends every weekend indexing his books.
An uncountable noun is a noun that does not have plural form, and it names something we cannot count. An uncountable noun always takes singular verb in a sentence.
Example:
Oxygen is essential to human life.
We decided to sell
furniture we have.
2. Underline the nouns in the sentence Decide whether the nouns are countable C or uncountable UC
1. The birds are flying high to the blue sky.
2. Her hair is black and long.
3. There is a river near this village and the water flows rapidly.
4. The catastrophe occurs because the virus spreads fast.
3. Complete the table below by finding the nouns in the above reading text. Then, compare it to your friend’s
Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
1. ……………………………………………………
2. ……………………………………………………
3. ……………………………………………………
4. ……………………………………………………
5. ……………………………………………………
1. ……………………………………………………
2. ……………………………………………………
3. ……………………………………………………
4. ……………………………………………………
5. ……………………………………………………
