A. Literature Review 1. Speaking
a. Definitions of Speaking
Speaking is one of the productive skills in the four main skills of language. It is taught broadly from junior high schools to senior high schools or
vocational high school. There are some definitions of speaking proposed by some experts.
Speaking is a productive skill which involves the speaker to use speech to express meanings to other people Spratt, Pulverness, and Williams, 2005.
Moreover, Chaney 1998 in Kayi 2006 defines speaking as the process of building and sharing meaning through using verbal and non verbal symbols in
a variety of contexts. Another definition is proposed by Harmer 2007: 343. He defines
speaking as an activity which happens when two people are engaged in talking to each other. In this activity, speakers have to share their ideas, thoughts, or
opinions during the speaking activity. From those definitions above, it can be concluded that speaking is an
activity involving two or more people to share their thoughts, ideas, or feelings by using verbal and non verbal symbols. There is an interaction among people
in a speaking activity either verbal or non verbal which can be learnt by using some techniques or methods.
b. Problems Related to Speaking Skill
There are many problems related to the speaking skill which make speaking difficult, especially for students. Those problems have to be considered
by the teacher when he or she teaches the oral skill to their students. Brown 2001: 270 – 271 listed problems related to speaking skill as follows:
1. Clustering Fluent speech is phrasal, not word by word. Learners can organize
their output both cognitively and physically in breath groups through such clustering.
2. Redundancy The speaker has an opportunity to make meaning clearer through the
redundancy of language. Learners can capitalize on this feature of spoken language.
3. Reduced Forms Contractions, elisions, reduced vowels. etc, all form special problems
in teaching spoken English. Students who do not learn colloquial contractions can sometimes develop a stilled, bookish quality of
speaking that in turn stigmatizes them.
4. Performance Variables
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