Minimal pairs Anlong Pingle 1. Phone and phoneme inventory

20 2.1.3. Minimal pairs [ H] occurs eight times, all in the environment C__C with one exception: 150 ‘sweet’ [¯HDl4]. [i] also occurs in this environment several times. The sounds [i] and [ H] actually lie on a continuum between tense and lax and constitute the same phoneme. See rule below. • [ B] occurs on only four morphemes, each time followed by [-k], except for one occurrence. However, [o] also is followed by [-k]. Because of the low frequency of occurrence, [ B] could be viewed as an allophonic variation of [o], but there are contrastive sets. Here, [ B] is phonemic. • [ T] only occurs on three morphemes. Its relation to [u] is the same as [H] and [i]. See rule below. • [ X] occurs several times, mostly in syllable-final position or in a [X=] combination. However, [ =] also occurs in syllable-final position. [ X] is seen as contrastive with [=]. See minimal pairs .

2.1.3. Minimal pairs

[ sb] and [t] 169 ‘bamboo hat’ [ sbo6], 130 ‘liver’ [so6] 462 ‘near’ [ sbh2], 271 ‘to weep’ [sh2] [v] and [w] 196 ‘dustpan’ [ fcnM1 uh4], 497 ‘because’ [vh4 fcDh3] 229 ‘to hang’ [ uDm0], 319 ‘person’ [vDm1] [v] and [f] 9 ‘rain’ [ u=m0], 352 ‘firewood’ [e=m1] 196 ‘dustpan’ [ fcnm1 uh4], 353 ‘fire’ [eh1] [ S], [p], and [b] 185 ‘bamboo pole’ [mn1 S`t1],443 ‘smooth’ [p`t1], 17 ‘early’ [b`t1] 435 ‘clear’ [ Sh0], 133 ‘intestines’ [ph2], 188 ‘plough’ [bh0] [ ¯] and [n] 365 ‘two ordinal’ [ ¯h5], 330 ‘child’ [k=j7 mh5] 290 ‘drum bronze’ [ ¯Dm1], 98 ‘fly insect’ [mDM1 S`4] [ M] and [n] 207 ‘shadow’ [ M`t1], 268 ‘speak, talk’ [m`t1] 228 ‘to nod one’s head’ [ Mnj7], measure word in 184 ‘rod, stick’ [mnj7 s=M3] [a:] and [ `] 232 ‘to paddle’ [ j`:t0], 76 ‘horn’ [j`t0] 408 ‘white’ [ G`:t0], 449 ‘smelly’ [G`t0 fi`4] [a:] and [ ] 233 ‘to continue’ [ snM1 s`:l0], 480 ‘just arrived’ [sl0] 381 ‘many’ [ k`:h0], 239 ‘to flow water’ [kh0] [a] and [ ] 334 ‘younger’ [ lt=M3 j`t4], 422 ‘old thing’ [jt4] 263 ‘to die’ [ s`h0], 495 ‘from’ [sh4] [o] and [ B] 10 ‘rainbow’ [ M=1 knj7 v`4], 410 ‘green’ [kBj7] 399 ‘crooked’ [ jnM1 jn1], 359 ‘bow’ [jBM0] [ X] and [=] 483 a conjunction [ kX2], 267 ‘to see’ [k=2] 238 ‘to swell’ [ jX4], 325 ‘matchmaker’ [ot3 S=4] 2. Phonology of data points 21

2.1.4. Allophonic rules