Notes Luodian Poqiu 1. Phone and phoneme inventory

2. Phonology of data points 233 Tones Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, 9 8 10 Pitch value 24 323 33 31 35 41 35 31 53

2.12.2. Notes

• [w] occurs on 10 morphemes and [v] occurs 12 times. [f] occurs several times, but only once on an odd tone. [w] and [v] act as distinct phonemes, with no blending of phones. See minimal pairs . [f] and [v] are separate phonemes also. • The three phones [ S], [r[], and [s] do not occur in complementary distribution. They seem to be one phoneme, with place of articulation on a continuum from [s] to [ S]. For many of the words, the place of articulation varied over several pronunciations. The transcribed phone was the phone pronounced most often for that particular item. These three phones are all considered allophones of s. • [ b] occurs numerous times and is distinct from [s]. See minimal pairs . • [ Y] occurs numerous times and [y[] only occurs once, in the environment __iVC[+ stop]. However, [ Y] also occurs in this environment, and several times in the environment __VC[+ nasal]. [ y[] is considered a variation of [Y] and [Y] and [b] are both distinct phonemes. See minimal pairs . • [ ¯] occurs on eight morphemes and is phonemic. The articulation on this phone is quite distinct from [n]. See minimal pairs . • [ fi] occurs on six morphemes and [j] occurs on nine. [ fh] + V occurs three times. The palatalization on [fi] is clear, though, and is considered phonemic. See minimal pairs . • The palatalization on [pj] is generally very distinct and is considered phonemic. Note that 67 ‘vegetable’ [ oh`f6] is palatalized in most lects, but for some reason is clearly not in this lect. See minimal pairs . • [tw] occurs two times: 193 ‘stone mortar’ [ Ynl0 svDh5] and 297 ‘to pull’ [sv`j0]. [tu] + VC never occurs and [tu] + V occurs once: 68 ‘animal’ [ s=5 st=1]. [tu] is posited as the underlying form of [tw]. See rule . • [kw] occurs several times and [ku] + VC occurs three times. The labialization for [kw] is most often quite distinct and is considered phonemic. See minimal pairs . • The labialization on both [ bv] and [Yv] is not very distinct. [ bv] occurs only once and [Yv] occurs twice. [ bt] + VC occurs three times and [Yt] + VC occurs five times. [ bv] and [Yv] are both considered allophonic variations of [bt] and [Yt], respectively. • [ bx] only occurs one time, but the [y] sound was distinct on all of the speakers’ pronunciations of this one word. There is also a near minimal pair with [ b]. Therefore, [bx] is considered phonemic for this lect, although more examples are needed to verify its phonemic status. 234 2.12.3. Minimal pairs