Luodian Poqiu Pingtang Xiliang

536 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data 1990 data Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pitch value 35 24 35 31 34 or 44 53 45 24 34 55

5.11. Luodian Poqiu

Most of the words transcribed in the 1950s with [z] initial were recorded in our data with a [ Y]. The nuclei of several of these words are also quite different. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘wind’ ytl00 Ytl202 ‘afternoon meal’ yhM00 YhM201 ‘sand’ yd24 YD24 ‘road’ yBm02 Yv=m13 ‘ear’ yh00 Yh=201 ‘stinkbug’ yh:s42 Yh=s31 ‘to boil’ ytM02 YtM13 ‘mosquito net’ yh:o24 yh=o24 The nucleus [ L] transcribed in the 1950s was recorded as various different vowels in our data. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘cloud’ vL=22 vX=22 ‘rain’ uLm02 vDm13 ‘chopsticks’ sL42 sX42 ‘leaf’ fa`L02 fah13 ‘wing’ eL:s42 eX=s31 ‘feather’ oLm02 o=m13 ‘snake’ ML=00 MX=102 ‘hand’ eLM00 e=M201 ‘lungs’ oLs24 oXs24 ‘to eat’ jLm02 j=m13 ‘person’ uLm00 uDm20 ‘clean’ rCL02 r`X13 ‘to buy’ bL20 bX31 ‘girl’ faL24 faX=f24 [e] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘sand’ yd24 YD24 ‘grass’ ¯hd22 ¯`13 ‘cow’ bhd00 bh=201 ‘mosquito’ mdM00 mDM201 ‘money’ bdm00 bDm20 ‘net’ yd02 YD13 ‘strength’ ydM00 YDM201 ‘to borrow’ bhd24 bh=24 ‘to hurt’ sbds24 sbDs23 ‘to listen’ ¯d02 ¯h=13 The pitch values as reported in the 1950s data and our data are given below. 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data 537 1950 data Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch 02 00 22 20 24 42 24 42, 00 Example m`02 m`0 m`22 m`20 ju`22 s`42 y`o24, yCo24 j`o42, jCo00 Gloss thick field face mother’s older brother to cross river to carry with shoulder pole, small pig basket to press between, to catch 1990 data Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, 9 8 10 Pitch value 24 323 33 31 35 41 35 31 53

5.12. Pingtang Xiliang

Most of the words transcribed in the 1950s with [z] initial were transcribed with [ p], [Y], [q], [f], or [s]. The nucleus of several of these words was also different. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘wind’ yLl00 Yl20 ‘stone’ yhm02 phm13 ‘water’ yCl31 pl31 ‘sand’ yd24 YDh24 ‘tail’ yhM02 ph=M13 ‘tooth’ ydt22 qht22 ‘bird’ yn00 Ytn20 ‘ear’ yL00 e=20 ‘boat’ yt00 Yt20 ‘sifter basket’ yCM02 r`M20 ‘mortar’ ytl02 Yl13 ‘net’ yd02 qDh13 Most words transcribed in the 1950s with [s] are recorded in our data with [ S] or [b]. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘paper’ r`02 S`13 ‘bamboo pole’ r`t31 S`t31 ‘to weave’ r`m02 S`m13 ‘male’ r`h02 S`:h13 ‘intestines’ rCh22 S`h22 ‘to borrow’ rh24 bh24 ‘to wash hands’ r`00 SB20 ‘seven’ rCs24 bhD24 Some words transcribed in the 1950s with [h] are recorded in our data with [ w] initials. Examples: 538 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘morning’ gCs24 w=24 ‘evening’ gCl43 w`l24 ‘rice’ gCt31 w`t31 ‘chin’ g`M00 w`:M20 ‘work’ gnM02 vnM13 ‘to open’ g`h22 w`:h22 The differences in the nucleus of the words transcribed in the 1950s and the same words recorded in our survey are at times fairly significant. The nucleus [ L] transcribed in the 1950s was recorded as various different vowels in our data. Examples: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘sky’ faLm02 fa=m13 ‘cloud’ uL=22 vt13 ‘wind’ yLl00 Yl20 ‘leaf’ faCL02 faX13 ‘chopsticks’ sL43 sX44 ‘beard’ lLl43 l=l34 ‘feather’ oLm02 o=m13 ‘snake’ ML00 MX20 ‘ear’ yL00 e=20 ‘hand’ eLM00 e=M20 ‘to eat’ jLm02 j=m1 ‘taro’ oiL24 on22 [u] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei in our data: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘rain’ utm02 vDm13 ‘rat’ jth22 jvDh22 ‘rainbow’ stM00 st`M20 ‘sugar cane’ fth31 ftDh31 ‘lungs’ ots24 otX24 ‘belly’ stM31 snM31 ‘to boil’ ytM02 YnM13 ‘wing’ et:s44 eX=f44 ‘to crawl’ yt:m00 YtDm20 ‘soft’ ftm43 ft=m24 [e] in the 1950s data was sometimes recorded as various other nuclei in our data: English 1950 1990 English 1950 1990 ‘bear’ ldh02 lDh13 ‘mosquito’ mdM00 mh`M20 ‘tooth’ ydt22 qht22 ‘hair’ odl02 oil13 ‘feces’ fd31 fDh31 ‘scissors’ sbdt00 sb`t20 ‘money’ bdm00 bDm20 ‘strength’ ydM00 YhM20 ‘net’ yd02 qDh13 ‘to hurt’ sbds24 sbDs24 ‘to scold’ jud22 jvDh22 ‘to ride’ jdh43 jDh44 The pitch values as reported in the 1950s data and in our data are given below. 5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data 539 1950 data Tone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pitch 02 00 22 31 24 43 02, 24 44, 22 Example m`02 m`00 m`22 m`31 ju`24 s`00 y`o02, yCo24 j`o44, jCo22 Gloss thick field face mother’s older brother to cross river to carry with shoulder pole, small pig basket to press between, to catch 1990 data Category 1 2 3 4 5, 6 7, 9 8, 10 Pitch value 13 31 33 42 35 35 45

5.13. Qinglong Zitang