Notes Anlong Pingle 1. Phone and phoneme inventory

2. Phonology of data points 19

2.1.2. Notes

• [v] only occurs in six items and it is tempting to lump it in with [w]. However, as these two sounds are often on a continuum of fricativeness and are one phoneme in many other lects, here they are distinct. [w] only occurs a total of 18 times, and [v] and [w] are distinct phonemes. [v] is also contrastive with [f]. See minimal pairs . • [ S], [p], and [b] are all clearly contrastive, and each phone occurs on a number of items. See minimal pairs . [ Y] is somewhat of a problem. It only occurs on three lexical items, but it seems like it would be the voiced counterpart of [ b]. However, as can be seen by the occurrence of the word ‘bird’ in three different items, [ Y], [q], and [p] are the initials for the three occurrences: 83 ‘bird’ [ st1 qBj6], 89 ‘owl’ [YBj6 sbt0 lDt4], and 84 ‘bird nest’ [pnM1 pBj6]. [ Y], [q], and [p] are all allophones for this word. [ q] also only occurs on three items, and for some items [q] was used during rapid speech, while [ p] was the initial during slower speech. Since [Y] occurs only three times, and on one occurrence is clearly an allophone of [ p], we consider it an allophonic variation of the phoneme p, as is [q]. • [h] occurs on only two morphemes: 113 ‘tooth’ [ gDt2] and 51–54‘grain’ [g`t3]. Many of the words which in other lects are a voiceless glottal fricative have [ G] or [F] instead. [ F] occurs on 10 items, and it and [G] seem to be on a continuum of fricativeness, being one underlying phoneme. [h] and [ F] are viewed as allophonic variations of [G]. • [ f] occurs on a number of items and [fi] occurs on six items. [ f] only occurs before [i] once 212 ‘spare time’ [fht4 k`M4], but that is on a morpheme that is realized as [ fi] on two other items: 260 ‘livestay’ and 479 ‘at’. Both are [fit4]. The degree of palatalization is not very strong. This shows that [ fi] can be viewed as [fh] underlyingly. See rule below. • [pj] occurs on 11 morphemes. The degree of palatalization is quite distinct, and most of the items with the [pj] initial have a pj- proto-form. There are no occurrences of [pi] + V. [pj] could be viewed as [pi] underlyingly. However, since the degree of palatalization is clear, [pj] will be viewed as phonemic. • [kw] occurs on 10 morphemes. The [ku] + V combination occurs only once. The degree of labialization is quite strong on [kw] and, for the same reason [pj] is considered phonemic, [kw] is also viewed as phonemic. • [ pv] occurs on only one morpheme and [pt] + V combinations occur a few times. The degree of labialization is weak, and generally has a vowel quality rather than a semivowel quality. Therefore, [ pv] is not considered phonemic. • [ Mv] occurs on two morphemes: one of them with a Mv proto-form. The degree of labiali- zation is fairly strong and no [ Mt] + V combination occurs. Here, [Mv] is phonemic. 20 2.1.3. Minimal pairs