Minimal pairs Luodian Luokun 1. Phone and phoneme inventory

222 2.11.3. Minimal pairs • [ Gv] occurs on two items and is considered phonemic. [ Gt] + V does not occur. The labial sound on the two labialized initials are very distinct and cannot be viewed as [ Gt]. • [a:], [ ], and [a] are all phonemically distinct. See minimal pair sets. • [ d] only occurs a few times and [D] occurs numerous times. These two sounds are not distinct enough to be phonemic. Vowels in this vowel space area can occur anywhere between [ D] and [e]. [e] is considered to be in free variation with [ D]. [ D:] occurs on two items and is not considered phonemic. • [ H] only occurs two times, in the environment C__C, and [i] occurs in this environment many times. [ H] is considered an allophonic variation of [i] and is not phonemic. [i:] occurs one time and is not considered phonemic. • [ B] occurs on six items and is phonemic. See minimal pairs for [ B] and [o]. • [ T] occurs on four morphemes, once in the environment C__C__, and the other times in the environment C__C. [u] occurs in these environments several times. [ T] is an allophonic variation of [u] and is not considered phonemic. • [ X] occurs several times, all in the two environments C__C or C__C, and is considered an allophone of [ =]. See rule below. [ =] also occurs in the environment C__C__ on some frequently used classifiers and word combinations. • The pitch on words in Gedney box cell 19 glottalized D–long are [31], different from cells 17 and 18 which are [35]. Cells 17, 18, and 19 all reflect tone 9 values. Tones from cells 17 and 18 have merged with tone 7.

2.11.3. Minimal pairs

[ sb] and [t] 93 ‘egg’ [ sbh4], 495 ‘from’ [sh4] 423 ‘old person’ [ sbD4], 429 ‘brokentorn’ [sD4] [v] and [f] 9 ‘rain’ [ u=m0], 352 ‘firewood’ [e=m1] 150 ‘sweet’ [ u`:m0], 204 ‘ghost’ [e`:M1] [s] and [z] 198 ‘paper’ [ r`0], 258 ‘to search’ [oh0 y`0] 458 ‘brave’ [ rl0 k`:t3], 235 ‘to chop’ [yl2] [ b] and [Y] 17 ‘early’ [ b`t1], 443 ‘smooth’ [Y`t1] 43 ‘table’ [ bnM1], 245 ‘to go down’ [YnM1] [ b] and [s] 194 ‘pestle’ [ fiD0 bh2], 369 ‘four’ [rh4] 220 ‘to add’ [ bt4], 349 ‘you pl.’ [Gn2 rt0] [z] and [ Y] 460 ‘diligent’ [ y`4 y[hM1], 309 ‘to wash hands’ [Y`4] 235 ‘to chop’ [ yl2], 243 ‘siftsieve’ [YM0] 2. Phonology of data points 223 [ ¯] and [n] 56 ‘grass’ [ ¯`0 ftm5], 392 ‘thick’ [m`0] 365 ‘two ordinal’ [ ¯h2], 471 ‘this’ [j`t2 mh3] [ M] and [n] 448 ‘easy’ [ M`:h5], 440 ‘tired’ [m`:h4] 228 ‘to nod’ [ M`j6], 402 ‘heavy’ [m`j6] [a:], [ ], and [a] 105 ‘body’ [ fc`:M0], 110 ‘nose’ [fcM0], 356 ‘to burn’ [fc`M3] 232 ‘to paddle’ [ j`:t0], 76 ‘horn’ [jt0], 471 ‘the morpheme for “thing” in this ’ [ j`t2 mh3] [ B] and [o] 410 ‘green’ [ kBj6], 371 ‘six’ [Ynj6] 148 ‘to vomit’ [ fb5], 287 ‘float’ [fn3 o`4 y[l3]

2.11.4. Allophonic rules