Notes Ziyun Huohua 1. Phone and phoneme inventory

2. Phonology of data points 431 Tone Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, 9 8 10 Pitch value 33 31 34 or 44 43 24 22 45 22 33

2.22.2. Notes

• [w] only occurs 10 times, while [v] occurs many more times. The word for 15 ‘day’ is [ u`m20], while 13 ‘afternoon’ is [sbh24 v`m20]. The morpheme [v`m20] in 13 ‘afternoon’ is the same morpheme as ‘day’. [w] is considered an allophonic variation of [v]. • [ p] only occurs one time and is considered an allophonic variation of z. [ y[] occurs seven times before vowels i, D, and o. [z] occurs numerous times before vowels `, `:, , h, D, and =. There is nonphonemic variation between [z] and [ y[]—the tongue position in varying degrees of dentalness, from nondental to completely dental. [ y] does not occur before rounded vowels. [ Y] occurs before each of the following vowels only one time: `, `:, , d, and L. It occurs before [u] nine times and before [o] 12 times. This indicates that [ Y] is also an allophonic variation of [z]. Therefore, the following four sounds [ y], [y][, [Y], and [p] are all allophones of one phoneme z. • [s] and [ b] are separate phonemes and [b] occurs before vowels `, _, h, D, n, T, =, and X. [s] occurs before vowels `, `:, h, n, t, and =. See minimal pairs . • [n], [ ¯], and [M] all act as separate phonemes. [ M] does not occur before high vowels other than X and [n] only occurs once before i and twice before u. [ ¯] occurs three times before i and one time before a few other vowels. Note that [¯] occurs more before high vowels, but in light of the fact that [n] occurs before high vowels a few of times, there is not enough evidence for viewing [ ¯] as an allophone of [n]. Minimal pairs are given below. • In this lect, there is an absence of the voiceless velar fricative. There are only two morphemes with [h] as the initial, so [h] is considered a variation of [ GF]. [ G] occurs on five items: four times before the vowel o and one time before D. [ F] occurs numerous times, but only before vowels `, `:, , and =. The absence of cooccur- rence with other vowels is unusual and unexplainable at this point. [ G] is considered an allophonic variation of [F]. There is then only one phoneme for this group, F. See minimal pairs given below. • [pj] can be considered as a separate phoneme. Most of the items with [pj] initial correspond to plr reflexes. [ Fi] only occurs on one item: 361 ‘to hunt’ [s=j13 st20 FiD31]. Note that Fi occurs after an open syllable, and is probably a result of the process of sound change from one syllable to the other. It is purely phonetic, not phonemic. [ fi] is considered phonemic. Most of the items it occurs on have reflexes of the form, fi__. 432 2.22.3. Minimal pairs